{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:23:11Z","timestamp":1789842191978,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-03027-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:54:37Z","timestamp":1764939277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in general, hepatic, and pregnant populations in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Birendra Prasad","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay Kumar","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhay Kumar","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek Prasad","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh Prasad","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandramani","family":"Wagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0899-x","volume":"14","author":"A Shrestha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shrestha A, Adhikari A, Bhattarai M, Rauniyar R, Debes JD, Boonstra A, et al. Prevalence and risk of hepatitis E virus infection in the HIV population of Nepal. Virol J. 2017;14(1):228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-017-0899-x.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"3027_CR2","unstructured":"WHO, Hepatitis E. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-e"},{"key":"3027_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9241679","author":"M Bhattarai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhattarai M, Baniya JB, Aryal N, Shrestha B, Rauniyar R, Adhikari A, et al. Epidemiological profile and risk factors for acquiring HBV and\/or HCV in HIV-infected population groups in Nepal. BioMed Res Int. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/9241679.","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-016-0331-y","volume":"27","author":"BP Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta BP, Lama TK, Adhikari A, Shrestha A, Rauniyar R, Sapkota B, et al. First report of hepatitis E virus viremia in healthy blood donors from Nepal. Virusdisease. 2016;27(3):324\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13337-016-0331-y.","journal-title":"Virusdisease"},{"key":"3027_CR5","unstructured":"WHO, Vaccine Standardization HE, October. 30, 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/health-product-policy-and-standards\/standards-and-specifications\/norms-and-standards\/vaccine-standardization\/hep-e"},{"issue":"6","key":"3027_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12505","volume":"23","author":"A Shrestha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shrestha A, Lama T, Gupta B, Sapkota B, Adhikari A, Khadka S, et al. Hepatitis E virus outbreak in postearthquake Nepal: is a vaccine really needed? J Viral Hepat. 2016;23(6):492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.12505.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"4","key":"3027_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21116","volume":"80","author":"IK Mushahwar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mushahwar IK. Hepatitis E virus: molecular virology, clinical features, diagnosis, transmission, epidemiology, and prevention. J Med Virol. 2008;80(4):646\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.21116.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3027_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.90158","volume":"29","author":"M Bajpai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bajpai M, Gupta E. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E: is screening warranted? Indian J Med Microbiol. 2011;29(4):353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0255-0857.90158.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2450\/2014.0063-14","volume":"13","author":"G Marano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marano G, Vaglio S, Pupella S, Facco G, Bianchi M, Calizzani G, et al. Hepatitis E: an old infection with new implications. Blood Transfus. 2015;13(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2450\/2014.0063-14.","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0807-5","volume":"44","author":"S Yazbek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yazbek S, Kreidieh K, Ramia S. Hepatitis E virus in the countries of the middle East and North Africa region: an awareness of an infectious threat to blood safety. Infection. 2016;44(1):11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-015-0807-5.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"22","key":"3027_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i22.5143","volume":"22","author":"R Taherkhani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Iran. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(22):5143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v22.i22.5143.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28480","volume":"64","author":"BP Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta BP, Shrestha A, Adhikari A, Lama TK, Sapkota B. Acute hepatitis E virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus\u2013positive men and women in Nepal: not quite a rare entity. Hepatology. 2016;64(3):1006\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.28480.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"161","key":"3027_CR13","first-page":"182","volume":"45","author":"B Bista","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bista B, Rana A. Acute hepatitis E in pregnancy\u2013study of 16 cases. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2006;45(161):182\u20135.","journal-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.09.016","volume":"46","author":"SK Acharya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Acharya SK, Sharma PK, Singh R, Mohanty SK, Madan K, Jha JK, et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in patients with cirrhosis is associated with rapid decompensation and death. J Hepatol. 2007;46(3):387\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.09.016.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"3027_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamar N, Rostaing L, Izopet J, editors. Hepatitis E virus infection in immunosuppressed patients: natural history and therapy. Semin Liver Dis; 2013: Thieme Medical Publishers.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1338115"},{"issue":"8","key":"3027_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706992","volume":"358","author":"N Kamar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy J-M, Ouezzani L, P\u00e9ron J-M, Guitard J, et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(8):811\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0706992.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3027_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.15618","author":"Y Geng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geng Y, Zhang H, Huang W, Harrison TJ, Geng K, Li Z, et al. Persistent hepatitis e virus genotype 4 infection in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hepat Mon. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/hepatmon.15618.","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28384","volume":"63","author":"MH Kuniholm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuniholm MH, Ong E, Hogema BM, Koppelman M, Anastos K, Peters MG, et al. Acute and chronic hepatitis E virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected US women. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):712\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.28384.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017994","volume":"21","author":"AB Labrique","year":"1999","unstructured":"Labrique AB, Thomas DL, Stoszek SK, Nelson KE. Hepatitis E: an emerging infectious disease. Epidemiol Rev. 1999;21(2):162\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017994.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"3027_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq225","volume":"172","author":"AB Labrique","year":"2010","unstructured":"Labrique AB, Zaman K, Hossain Z, Saha P, Yunus M, Hossain A, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of incident hepatitis e virus infections in rural Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(8):952\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwq225.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3027_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141512","volume":"21","author":"A Shrestha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shrestha A, Lama TK, Karki S, Sigdel DR, Rai U, Rauniyar SK, et al. Hepatitis e epidemic, Biratnagar, Nepal, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(4):711\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2104.141512.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.151","volume":"57","author":"MA Rab","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rab MA, Bile MK, Mubarik MM, Asghar H, Sami Z, Siddiqi S, et al. Water-borne hepatitis E virus epidemic in Islamabad, pakistan: A common source outbreak traced to the malfunction of a modern water treatment plant. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57(2):151\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.151.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"3027_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.10.012","volume":"133","author":"W Zingg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zingg W, Castro-Sanchez E, Secci F, Edwards R, Drumright L, Sevdalis N, et al. Innovative tools for quality assessment: integrated quality criteria for review of multiple study designs (ICROMS). Public Health. 2016;133:19\u201337.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3027_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.56094","volume":"15","author":"S Alam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alam S, Azam G, Mustafa G, Azad AK, Haque I, Gani S, et al. Natural course of fulminant hepatic failure: the scenario in Bangladesh and the differences from the West. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(4):229\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-3767.56094.","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3027_CR25","first-page":"255","volume":"10","author":"L Ali","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ali L, Fatima N, Shah MA, Hussain I. Fulminant hepatic failure - a devastating problem. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2000;10(7):255\u20137.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.3.517","volume":"170","author":"JP Bryan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bryan JP, Tsarev SA, Iqbal M, Ticehurst J, Emerson S, Ahmed A, et al. Epidemic hepatitis E in pakistan: patterns of serologic response and evidence that antibody to hepatitis E virus protects against disease. J Infect Dis. 1994;170(3):517\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/170.3.517. Epub 1994\/09\/01.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"3027_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S727","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-013-9429-0","volume":"4","author":"M Al Mahtab","year":"2014","unstructured":"Al Mahtab M, Rahman S, Jahan M, Khondoker FA, Akbar SMF. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in an urban community in Dhaka City. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol. 2014;4:S727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-013-9429-0.","journal-title":"Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3027_CR28","first-page":"527","volume":"14","author":"MI Saeedi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saeedi MI, Mahmood K, Ziauddin AM, Ilyas N, Zarif M. Frequency and clinical course of hepatitis E in tertiary care hospitals. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2004;14(9):527\u20139.","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"3027_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2043-8","author":"AC Shrestha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shrestha AC, Flower RLP, Seed CR, Rajkarnikar M, Shrestha SK, Thapa U, et al. Hepatitis E virus seroepidemiology: a post-earthquake study among blood donors in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-2043-8.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3027_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0352","volume":"81","author":"AB Labrique","year":"2009","unstructured":"Labrique AB, Zaman K, Hossain Z, Saha P, Yunus M, Hossain A, et al. Population seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81(5):875\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0352. (PubMed PMID: 19861625).","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"3027_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.721","volume":"66","author":"A Sheikh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sheikh A, Sugitani M, Kinukawa N, Moriyama M, Arakawa Y, Komiyama K, et al. Hepatitis e virus infection in fulminant hepatitis patients and an apparently healthy population in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66(6):721\u20134. .721. PubMed PMID: 12224580.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2013.11669926","volume":"70","author":"W Jafri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jafri W, Yakoob J, Abid S, Awan S, Siddiqui S, Jafri F, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E and Helicobacter pylori in a low socioeconomic area of a metropolitan city in a developing country. Br J Biomed Sci. 2013;70(1):27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09674845.2013.11669926.","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"3027_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.06.103","volume":"70","author":"J Izopet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Izopet J, Labrique AB, Basnyat B, Dalton HR, Kmush B, Heaney CD, et al. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in three hyperendemic areas: Nepal, Bangladesh and southwest France. J Clin Virol. 2015;70:39\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.06.103.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3329\/bjmm.v1i2.21509","volume":"1","author":"A Begum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Begum A, Tabassum S, Islam MN, Afzalunnessa M. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among patients attending BSMMU, Dhaka. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol. 2007;1(2):52\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/bjmm.v1i2.21509.","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3329\/fmcj.v9i1.23619","volume":"9","author":"MSCO Showkath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Showkath MSCO, Das S, Fatema K, Das KP, Khan MMU. Seroprevalence of hepatitis G virus IgG antibody among blood donors, pregnant women, neonates and apparently healthy population. Faridpur Med Coll J. 2015;9(1):28\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/fmcj.v9i1.23619.","journal-title":"Faridpur Med Coll J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-011-9333-4","volume":"6","author":"M Karim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karim M, Billah M, Al-Mahtab M, Rahman S, Ahmed F. HEV hepatitis dominates jaundice patients in gyne wards of Bangladesh. Hepatol Int. 2012;6(1):291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-011-9333-4.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0238","volume":"94","author":"BL Kmush","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kmush BL, Labrique A, Li W, Klein SL, Schulze K, Shaikh S, et al. The association of cytokines and micronutrients with hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy and the postpartum period in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94(1):203\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0238.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR38","first-page":"528","volume":"24","author":"T Parveen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parveen T, Begum F, Akhter N. Feto-maternal outcome of jaundice in pregnancy in a tertiary care hospital. Mymensingh Med J. 2015;24(3):528\u201336.","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00946.x","volume":"35","author":"A Rana","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rana A, Pradhan N, Manandhar B, Bitsta KD, Adhikari S, Gurung G, et al. Maternal mortality over the last decade: a changing pattern of death due to alarming rise in hepatitis in the latter five-year period. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2009;35(2):243\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00946.x.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"30","key":"3027_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v8i2.3563","volume":"8","author":"NS Shrestha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shrestha NS, Saha R, Karki C. Near miss maternal morbidity and maternal mortality at Kathmandu medical college teaching hospital. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2010;8(30):222\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/kumj.v8i2.3563.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR41","first-page":"192","volume":"11","author":"P Shrestha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shrestha P, Bhandari D, Sharma D, Bhandari BP. A study of viral hepatitis during pregnancy in Nepal medical college teaching hospital. Nepal Med Coll J. 2009;11(3):192\u20134. Epub 2010\/03\/26. PubMed PMID: 20334069.","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"issue":"6","key":"3027_CR42","first-page":"36","volume":"26","author":"AH Alvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alvi AH, Baig MMI, Sabir O. Etiology and epidemiology of patients presenting with liver disease during pregnancy. Med Forum Mon. 2015;26(6):36\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Forum Mon"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR43","first-page":"22","volume":"7","author":"AAF Ambreen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ambreen AAF, Sheikh A, Ayub MRFN, Mushtaq S. Jaundice in pregnancy: a clinical study at Fatima memorial system. J South Asian Fed Obstet Gynecol. 2015;7(1):22\u20135.","journal-title":"J South Asian Fed Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3027_CR44","first-page":"198","volume":"47","author":"AB Aziz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aziz AB, Hamid S, Iqbal S, Islam W, Karim SA. Prevalence and severity of viral hepatitis in Pakistani pregnant women: a five year hospital based study. J Pak Med Assoc. 1997;47(8):198\u2013201. Epub 1997\/08\/01. PubMed PMID: 9339616.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"3027_CR45","first-page":"1168","volume":"63","author":"ZP Brohi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brohi ZP, Sadaf A, Perveen U. Etiology, clinical features and outcome of fulminant hepatic failure in pregnancy. J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63(9):1168\u201371.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-016-9707-8","volume":"10","author":"AS Butt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Butt AS, Malik A, Sharif F, Raees A, Jafri W, Hamid S. Spectrum of liver disease during pregnancy: a cross sectional study from Pakistan. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(1):S445-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-016-9707-8.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80323-0","volume":"25","author":"SS Hamid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hamid SS, Jafri SM, Khan H, Shah H, Abbas Z, Fields H. Fulminant hepatic failure in pregnant women: acute fatty liver or acute viral hepatitis? J Hepatol. 1996;25(1):20\u20137. Epub 1996\/07\/01. PubMed PMID: 8836897.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"3027_CR48","unstructured":"Hossain N. Hepatitis e is an important cause of jaundice during pregnancy in Pakistan. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2012;43(5):S372."},{"issue":"8","key":"3027_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.26719\/2017.23.8.559","volume":"23","author":"NA Javed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Javed NA, Ullah SH, Hussain N, Sheikh MA, Khan A, Ghafoor F, et al. Hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in pregnant women in Pakistan: maternal and fetal outcomes. East Mediterr Health J. 2017;23(8):559\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2017.23.8.559.","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR50","first-page":"31","volume":"13","author":"R Shams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shams R, Khero RB, Ahmed T, Hafiz A. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody in pregnant women of Karachi. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2001;13(3):31\u20135. Epub 2002\/03\/05. PubMed PMID: 11873396.","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR51","first-page":"226","volume":"62","author":"SA Siddiqui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siddiqui SA, Soomro N, Hasnain F. Severe obstetric morbidity and its outcome in patients presenting in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;62(3):226.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3329\/jom.v11i1.4268","volume":"11","author":"M Ashraf-Uz-Zaman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ashraf-Uz-Zaman M, Begum BA, Asad HB, Moutoshi SS, Nasiruddin M. Biochemical parameters in common viral hepatitis. J Med. 2010;11(1):42\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/jom.v11i1.4268.","journal-title":"J Med"},{"key":"3027_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque MS, Sultana S, Al Mahtab M. Sero-prevalence of acute hepatitis caused by HAV and HEV in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Hepatology International2016. p. S279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2016.06.028"},{"issue":"8","key":"3027_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23601","volume":"85","author":"M Harun-Or-Rashid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harun-Or-Rashid M, Akbar SM, Takahashi K, Al-Mahtab M, Khan MS, Alim MA, et al. Epidemiological and molecular analyses of a non-seasonal outbreak of acute Icteric hepatitis E in Bangladesh. J Med Virol. 2013;85(8):1369\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.23601. Epub 2013\/05\/25.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"3027_CR55","unstructured":"Hoque MI, Islam B, Al-Faruk A, Matin A, Selim M. Aetiology and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in Bangladesh. Hepatology International2015. p. S383."},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR56","first-page":"99","volume":"18","author":"WI Khan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Khan WI, Sultana R, Rahman M, Akhter H, Haq JA, Ali L, et al. Viral hepatitis: recent experiences from serological studies in Bangladesh. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2000;18(2):99\u2013103. Epub 2000\/08\/06. PubMed PMID: 10928622.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9609-1","volume":"9","author":"R Md. Moshaed Hossain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Md. Moshaed Hossain R, Azam MG, Bhuiyan TM, Kabir M, Hoque N, Al Mamoon A, et al. Aetiology and outcomes of acute viral hepatitis in type 2 diabetic patients in Dhaka Bangladesh. Hep Intl. 2015;9(1):S88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-015-9609-1.","journal-title":"Hep Intl"},{"key":"3027_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paul RC, Nazneen A, Banik KC, Sumon SA, Paul KK, Sazzad HMS et al. Incidence of adult deaths associated with hepatitis e virus in bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2016;95(5):583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.abstract2016.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.abstract"},{"issue":"3","key":"3027_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v33i3.1142","volume":"33","author":"T Rahman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rahman T, Sultana R, Chowdhury SR. Seropositivity and pattern of viral hepatitis in clinically suspected cases of hepatitis in Dhaka City. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2007;33(3):103\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/bmrcb.v33i3.1142.","journal-title":"Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"3027_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0261","volume":"97","author":"HMS Sazzad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sazzad HMS, Luby SP, Labrique AB, Kamili S, Hayden TM, Kamili NA, et al. Risk factors associated with blood exposure for sporadic hepatitis E in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(5):1437\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0261.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3027_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X435120","volume":"103","author":"M Sugitani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sugitani M, Sheikh A, Suzuki K, Kinukawa N, Moriyama M, Arakawa Y, et al. Sero-epidemiology of sporadic acute hepatitis in Bangladesh: High prevalences of infection with type-B, type-E and multiple types of hepatitis virus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2009;103(4):343\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/136485909X435120.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3027_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05677.x","volume":"24","author":"M Sugitani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sugitani M, Tamura A, Shimizu YK, Sheikh A, Kinukawa N, Shimizu K, et al. Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA and genotype in Bangladesh. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(4):599\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05677.x.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3027_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2012.300749","volume":"102","author":"ES Gurley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gurley ES, Halder AK, Streatfield PK, Sazzad HM, Huda TM, Hossain MJ, et al. Estimating the burden of maternal and neonatal deaths associated with jaundice in Bangladesh: possible role of hepatitis E infection. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(12):2248\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2012.300749. (Epub 2012\/10\/20).","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"3027_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12407","volume":"22","author":"F Haque","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haque F, Banu SS, Ara K, Chowdhury IA, Chowdhury SA, Kamili S, et al. An outbreak of hepatitis e in an urban area of Bangladesh. J Viral Hepat. 2015;22(11):948\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.12407.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"3027_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.05.048","volume":"7","author":"MHO Rashid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rashid MHO. Outcome of acute viral hepatitis in diabetic and non diabetic patients in Bangladesh-report from a tertiary centre. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2017;7:S21\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.05.048.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"3027_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.170-12425","volume":"22","author":"A Adhikari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adhikari A, Gupta BP, Manandhar KD. Co-circulation of hepatitis A, B and C with hepatitis E virus genotype 1a during major outbreak of 2014 in Nepal. J Viral Hepat. 2015;22:113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.170-12425.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"166","key":"3027_CR67","first-page":"74","volume":"46","author":"S Kc","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kc S. Acute liver failure caused by hepatitis E virus and Paracetamol. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2007;46(166):74\u20136. Epub 2007\/12\/21. PubMed PMID: 18094741.","journal-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10276","volume":"69","author":"SM Shrestha","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shrestha SM, Shrestha S, Tsuda F, Nishizawa T, Gotanda Y, Takeda N, et al. Molecular investigation of hepatitis E virus infection in patients with acute hepatitis in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Med Virol. 2003;69(2):207\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.10276.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"16","key":"3027_CR69","first-page":"415","volume":"4","author":"KC Sudhamshu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sudhamshu KC. Ultrasound findings in acute viral hepatitis. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2006;4(16):415\u20138.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR70","first-page":"7","volume":"51","author":"KC Sudhamshu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sudhamshu KC, Khadka S, Sharma D, Chataut SP. Acute pancreatitis in acute viral hepatitis. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2011;51(1):7\u201310.","journal-title":"J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"issue":"193","key":"3027_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.2290","volume":"52","author":"KC Sudhamshu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sudhamshu KC, Sharma D, Poudya N, Basnet BK. Acute viral hepatitis in pediatric age groups. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2014;52(193):687\u201391.","journal-title":"J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"key":"3027_CR72","unstructured":"Yadav B, Chaudhari N, Podel B, Yadav RK, Mahato RV, Jha B. Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Jaundice Patients Admitted in Different Hospital of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Hepatology International2013. p. S457."},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR73","first-page":"86","volume":"60","author":"W Ahmed","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ahmed W, Qureshi H, Arif A, Alam SE. Changing trend of viral hepatitis - a twenty one year report from Pakistan medical research Council research Centre, Jinnah postgraduate medical Centre, Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(2):86\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.49427","volume":"27","author":"K Bashir","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bashir K, Hussain N, Hasnain S, Elahi S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus immunoglobulin G and M antibodies in adults: a hospital-based study. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009;27(2):139\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0255-0857.49427.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"3027_CR75","unstructured":"Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Establishment of a viral hepatitis surveillance system\u2013Pakistan, 2009\u20132011. 2011 Oct 14. Report No.: 1545-861X (Electronic) 0149\u20132195 (Linking) Contract No.: 40."},{"issue":"2","key":"3027_CR76","first-page":"502","volume":"6","author":"T Siddique","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siddique T, Farzand S, Waheed SS, Khan F. Frequency of hepatitis E (HEV) patients in medical unit-I of a tertiary care teaching hospital Lahore. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2012;6(2):502\u20133.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v27i1.3314","volume":"27","author":"M Mamun Al","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mamun Al M, Rahman S, Khan M, Karim F. HEV infection as an aetiologic factor for acute hepatitis: experience from a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27(1):14\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/jhpn.v27i1.3314. Epub 2009\/03\/03.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09349-2","volume":"24","author":"UK Mirzaev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mirzaev UK, Ouoba S, Ko K, Phyo Z, Chhoung C, Ataa AG, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of hepatitis E seroprevalence in Southeast asia: a comprehensive assessment of epidemiological patterns. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09349-2. (Epub 20240524).","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3027_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qashqari FS. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(7):905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58070905. PMID: 35888624; PMCID: PMC9318471","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070905"},{"issue":"1","key":"3027_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2019.02.002","volume":"23","author":"G Bricks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bricks G, Senise JF, Pott-Jr H, Grandi G, Carna\u00faba-Jr D, de Moraes HAB, et al. Previous hepatitis E virus infection, cirrhosis and insulin resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Braz J Infect Dis. 2019;23(1):45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjid.2019.02.002.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"3027_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406011","volume":"372","author":"J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang X-F, Huang S-J, Wu T, Hu Y-M, Wang Z-Z, et al. Long-term efficacy of a hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(10):914\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1406011.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03027-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03027-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03027-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:12:14Z","timestamp":1768342334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03027-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03027-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7339129\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}