{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:05:25Z","timestamp":1784034325437,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds of the Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing","award":["2024JK002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JK002"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["6254044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6254044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-03045-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T13:22:28Z","timestamp":1767100948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunogenicity analyses and indirect ELISA application of a chimeric virus-like particle presenting a highly conserved peptide of Akabane virus Gc protein"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"3045_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(87)90078-2","volume":"15","author":"H Kurogi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kurogi H, Akiba K, Inaba Y, Matumoto M. Isolation of Akabane virus from the biting midge Culicoides oxystoma in Japan. Vet Microbiol. 1987;15:243\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3045_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.14.101","volume":"14","author":"AOTOT Oya","year":"1961","unstructured":"Oya AOTOT. Akabane, a new arbovirus isolated in Japan. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1961;14:101\u20138.","journal-title":"Jpn J Med Sci Biol"},{"key":"3045_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.020","volume":"124","author":"Y Ogawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ogawa Y, Fukutomi T, Sugiura K, Sugiura K, Kato K, Tohya Y, et al. Comparison of Akabane virus isolated from sentinel cattle in Japan. Vet Microbiol. 2007;124:16\u201324.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3045_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1978.tb05538.x","volume":"54","author":"OR Coverdale","year":"1978","unstructured":"Coverdale OR, Cybinski DH, St George TD. Congenital abnormalities in calves associated with Akabane virus and Aino virus. Aust Vet J. 1978;54:151\u20132.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"3045_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01315594","volume":"47","author":"H Kurogi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kurogi H, Inaba Y, Goto Y, Miura Y, Takahashi H. Serologic evidence for etiologic role of Akabane virus in epizootic abortion-arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in cattle in Japan, 1972\u20131974. Arch Virol. 1975;47:71\u201383.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"3045_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-87312-5.50063-1","volume-title":"Akabane virus","author":"Y Inaba","year":"1990","unstructured":"Inaba Y, Matsumoto M. Akabane virus. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1990."},{"key":"3045_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(96)01415-3","volume":"47","author":"H Akashi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Akashi H, Inaba Y. Antigenic diversity of Akabane virus detected by monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res. 1997;47:187\u201396.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"3045_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2006.04.007","volume":"121","author":"M Yamakawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yamakawa M, Yanase T, Kato T, Tsuda T. Chronological and geographical variations in the small RNA segment of the teratogenic Akabane virus. Virus Res. 2006;121:84\u201392.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"3045_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.017","volume":"158","author":"J Oem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oem J, Yoon H, Kim H, Roh I, Lee K, Lee O, et al. Genetic and pathogenic characterization of Akabane viruses isolated from cattle with encephalomyelitis in Korea. Vet Microbiol. 2012;158:259\u201366.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3045_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.06.013","volume":"535","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Firth C, Amos-Ritchie R, Davis SS, Yin H, Holmes EC, et al. Evolutionary history of Simbu serogroup orthobunyaviruses in the Australian episystem. Virology. 2019;535:32\u201344.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"3045_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3332","volume":"12","author":"RM Elliott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elliott RM. Orthobunyaviruses: recent genetic and structural insights. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12:673\u201385.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"3045_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08832-8","volume":"10","author":"J Hellert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hellert J, Aebischer A, Wernike K, Haouz A, Brocchi E, Reiche S, et al. Orthobunyavirus spike architecture and recognition by neutralizing antibodies. Nat Commun. 2019;10:879.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3045_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000377","volume":"97","author":"G Roman-Sosa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roman-Sosa G, Brocchi E, Schirrmeier H, Wernike K, Schelp C, Beer M. Analysis of the humoral immune response against the envelope glycoprotein Gc of Schmallenberg virus reveals a domain located at the amino terminus targeted by mAbs with neutralizing activity. J Gen Virol. 2016;97:571\u201380.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"3045_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0165-4","volume":"46","author":"K Wernike","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wernike K, Brocchi E, Cordioli P, Senechal Y, Schelp C, Wegelt A, et al. A novel panel of monoclonal antibodies against Schmallenberg virus nucleoprotein and glycoprotein Gc allows specific orthobunyavirus detection and reveals antigenic differences. Vet Res. 2015;46:27.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"3045_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110123","volume":"295","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Chen D, Wei F, Yu R, Xu S, Lin X, et al. Identification of a broadly neutralizing epitope within Gc protein of Akabane virus using newly prepared neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol. 2024;295:110123.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3045_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/386088a0","volume":"386","author":"B Bottcher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bottcher B, Wynne SA, Crowther RA. Determination of the fold of the core protein of hepatitis B virus by electron cryomicroscopy. Nature. 1997;386:88\u201391.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3045_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/296677a0","volume":"296","author":"BJ Cohen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cohen BJ, Richmond JE. Electron microscopy of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in E. coli. Nature. 1982;296:677\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3045_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4919","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00015a003","volume":"34","author":"PT Wingfield","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wingfield PT, Stahl SJ, Williams RW, Steven AC. Hepatitis core antigen produced in Escherichia coli: subunit composition, conformational analysis, and in vitro capsid assembly. Biochemistry. 1995;34:4919\u201332.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"3045_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2003.042","volume":"384","author":"WS Tan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tan WS, Dyson MR, Murray K. Hepatitis B virus core antigen: enhancement of its production in Escherichia coli, and interaction of the core particles with the viral surface antigen. Biol Chem. 2003;384:363\u201371.","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"3045_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.1.106-114.1992","volume":"66","author":"F Schodel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Schodel F, Moriarty AM, Peterson DL, Zheng JA, Hughes JL, Will H, et al. The position of heterologous epitopes inserted in hepatitis B virus core particles determines their immunogenicity. J Virol. 1992;66:106\u201314.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"3045_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90142-2","volume":"77","author":"RA Crowther","year":"1994","unstructured":"Crowther RA, Kiselev NA, Bottcher B, Berriman JA, Borisova GP, Ose V, et al. Three-dimensional structure of hepatitis B virus core particles determined by electron cryomicroscopy. Cell. 1994;77:943\u201350.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3045_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1656(95)00118-2","volume":"44","author":"F Schodel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schodel F, Peterson D, Hughes J, Wirtz R, Milich D. Hybrid hepatitis B virus core antigen as a vaccine carrier moiety: I. Presentation of foreign epitopes. J Biotechnol. 1996;44:91\u20136.","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"3045_CR23","volume":"29","author":"M Moradi Vahdat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moradi Vahdat M, Hemmati F, Ghorbani A, Rutkowska D, Afsharifar A, Eskandari MH, et al. Hepatitis B core-based virus-like particles: a platform for vaccine development in plants. Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2021;29:e605.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Rep (Amst)"},{"key":"3045_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020283","author":"I Petrovskis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrovskis I, Lieknina I, Dislers A, Jansons J, Bogans J, Akopjana I, et al. Production of the HBc protein from different HBV genotypes in E. coli. Use of reassociated HBc VLPs for packaging of ss- and dsRNA. Microorganisms. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9020283.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"3045_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300211a","volume":"10","author":"K Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi K, Kim K, Kwon IC, Kim I, Ahn HJ. Systemic delivery of siRNA by chimeric capsid protein: tumor targeting and RNAi activity in vivo. Mol Pharm. 2013;10:18\u201325.","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"3045_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8690","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202597c","volume":"5","author":"K Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi K, Choi S, Jeon H, Kim I, Ahn HJ. Chimeric capsid protein as a nanocarrier for siRNA delivery: stability and cellular uptake of encapsulated siRNA. ACS Nano. 2011;5:8690\u20139.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"3045_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03054-x","volume":"17","author":"D Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen D, Wang D, Wei F, Kong Y, Deng J, Lin X, et al. Characterization and reverse genetic establishment of cattle derived Akabane virus in China. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17:349.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"3045_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsad025","volume":"106","author":"D Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen D, Wang J, Wei F, Jing H, Wang D, Zhang Z, et al. Characterization and double-antibody sandwich ELISA application of a monoclonal antibody against Akabane virus nucleocapsid protein. J AOAC Int. 2023;106:931\u20138.","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"3045_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080701","author":"X Lan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lan X, Liang F, Li G, Kong W, Wang R, Wang L, et al. Research progress on the Gc proteins of Akabane virus. Vet Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12080701.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"3045_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0670","volume":"84","author":"Y Ogawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ogawa Y, Eguchi M, Shimoji Y. Two Akabane virus glycoprotein Gc domains induce neutralizing antibodies in mice. J Vet Med Sci. 2022;84:538\u201342.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"3045_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-022-00069-8","volume":"4","author":"K Wernike","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wernike K, Aebischer A, Audonnet J, Beer M. Vaccine development against Schmallenberg virus: from classical inactivated to modified-live to scaffold particle vaccines. One Health Outlook. 2022;4:13.","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"key":"3045_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.007","volume":"34","author":"R Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu R, Liu J, Chen C, Ye X, Xu L, Wang W, et al. A highly conserved epitope-vaccine candidate against varicella-zoster virus induces neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine. 2016;34:1589\u201396.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"3045_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000050037","volume":"44","author":"P Pumpens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pumpens P, Grens E. HBV core particles as a carrier for B cell\/T cell epitopes. Intervirology. 2001;44:98\u2013114.","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"3045_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.121","volume":"8","author":"DC Whitacre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whitacre DC, Lee BO, Milich DR. Use of hepadnavirus core proteins as vaccine platforms. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8:1565\u201373.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"3045_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5704","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.42494","volume":"10","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhao B, Ding M, Song S, Kang Y, Yu Y, et al. A novel vaccine candidate based on chimeric virus-like particle displaying multiple conserved epitope peptides induced neutralizing antibodies against EBV infection. Theranostics. 2020;10:5704\u201318.","journal-title":"Theranostics"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03045-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03045-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03045-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T14:57:25Z","timestamp":1769785045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03045-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-03045-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The animal study was carried out in strict accordance with the experimental animal care and use guidelines of the Beijing Animal Control Committee. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Welfare Ethics Committee of Beijing MDKN Biotechnology Co., LTD., with approval No. MDKN-2025\u2013045. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}