{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:16:32Z","timestamp":1793852192430,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009367","name":"Mansoura University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Carbapenem-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CRAB) continues to pose significant public health in clinical settings due to its remarkable genomic plasticity and resistance to available therapeutic drugs, including carbapenems. Bacteriophage has emerged as an optimistic solution capable of addressing such drug resistance dilemma. This study represents a comprehensive characterization of a novel\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      phage with potential application against CRAB-associated wound infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sewage sample was obtained, processed, and enriched with\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      M13 phage(s) for the purpose of phages\u2019 isolation. The isolated phage was examined using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and identified in terms of host range and efficiency of plating through spot test and plaque assay, respectively. Phage stability was screened following thermal, pH and ethanol assays. Replication kinetics were investigated through adsorption and single step growth curve. Furthermore, the in-vitro antibacterial potential was verified through measuring the optical density of the treated M13 culture at different Multiplicity of infections (MOIs) over 6\u00a0h shaking incubation. This is in tandem with preliminary screening of the vB_AbaM_MU1 safety through genomic and phylogenetic analysis of the isolated phage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A novel lytic\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      phage vB_AbaM_MU1 was isolated and categorized as T4-like Myovirus with genomic size 167.200\u00a0bp, which was classified into the family\n                      <jats:italic>Straboviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in class\n                      <jats:italic>Caudoviricetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , based on morphological and genomic analyses. It showed lytic efficiency against 9\/17 CRAB strains. Infectivity and structural integrity revealed thermal stability up to 60\u2103, pH tolerance within pH range (3\u201311), sensitivity to different EtOH concentrations (10%, 50%, 75%, and 95%). In addition, vB_AbaM_MU1 displayed distinctive infection kinetics with 6\u00a0min adsorption, short latent (over 30\u00a0min), and high bursting (326 PFU\/infected cell). The in-vitro bacteriolytic infectivity revealed robust and steady antibacterial action at MOI of 1 and above.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide a strong, well-justified foundation for considering vB_AbaM_MU1 phage as successful candidate for phage therapy in treating CRAB- induced wound infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-026-03066-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T08:45:44Z","timestamp":1770367544000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phage vB_AbaM_MU1 for biocontrol of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) isolated from wound infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hadeer","family":"Sabry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai M.","family":"Zafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdelmoteleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayat M.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel A.","family":"El-Morsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3066_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-07","author":"A Peleg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peleg A, Seifert H, Paterson D. Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a Successful Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00058-07.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3066_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107605","volume":"204","author":"R Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma R, Lakhanpal D. Acinetobacter baumannii: A comprehensive review of global epidemiology, clinical implications, host interactions, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and mitigation strategies. Microb Pathog. 2025;204:107605.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"3066_CR3","first-page":"10","volume":"1","author":"N Vaze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vaze N, Emery C, Hamilton R, Brooks A, Joshi S. Patient demographics and characteristics of infection with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a teaching hospital from the United States. Adv Infect Dis. 2013;1:10\u20136.","journal-title":"Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"3066_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0248-2020","volume":"53","author":"M Kurihara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurihara M, Sales R, Silva K, Maciel W, Simionatto S. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreaks: a global problem in healthcare settings. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20200248.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"3066_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S166750","volume":"11","author":"M Asif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asif M, Alvi I, Rehman S. Insight into Acinetobacter baumannii: pathogenesis, global resistance, mechanisms of resistance, treatment options, and alternative modalities. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1249\u201360.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"3066_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.014","volume":"25","author":"E Piperaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piperaki E, Tzouvelekis L, Miriagou V, Daikos G. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: in pursuit of an effective treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:951\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"3066_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List. 2024: Bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240093461"},{"key":"3066_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58106-9","volume":"16","author":"S Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li S, Jiang G, Wang S, Wang M, Wu Y, Zhang J, et al. Emergence and global spread of a dominant multidrug-resistant clade within Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Commun. 2025;16:2787.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3066_CR9","volume":"1","author":"B Isler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isler B, Doi Y, Bonomo R, Paterson D. New treatment options against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;1:e01110-18.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3066_CR10","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. The burden of antimicrobial resistance in the Americas in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis. Lancet Reg Health AmLancet Infect Dis. 2023;25:100561."},{"key":"3066_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sati H, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Hansen P, Garlasco J, Campagnaro E, et al. The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: a prioritization study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25:1033\u20131043","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5"},{"key":"3066_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010077","volume":"1","author":"W Elwakil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elwakil W, Rizk S, El-Halawany A, Rateb M, Attia A. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections in the United Kingdom versus Egypt: trends and potential natural products solutions. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;1:77.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"3066_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S298920","volume":"14","author":"A El-Kholy","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Kholy A, El-Mahallawy H, Elsharnouby N, Abdel Aziz M, Helmy A, Kotb R. Landscape of multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections in Egypt: survey and literature review. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:1905\u201320.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"3066_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-01837-1","volume":"1","author":"A Elshamy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elshamy A, Kamal S, Mahmoud M, Elhasany A, Shady A, Mohamed S, et al. Recent insights on phage therapy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. AMB Express. 2025;1:44.","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"3066_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2041","volume":"4","author":"S Rehman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rehman S, Ali Z, Khan M, Bostan N, Naseem S. The dawn of phage therapy. Rev Med Virol. 2019;4:e2041.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"3066_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.990383","volume":"1","author":"W Sarhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sarhan W, Azzazy H. Phage approved in food, why not as a therapeutic? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;1:91\u2013101.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"3066_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v8.i3.162","volume":"3","author":"D Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin D, Koskella B, Lin H. Phage therapy: an alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2017;3:162\u201373.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3066_CR18","first-page":"671","volume":"5","author":"Y Elahi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elahi Y, Nowroozi J, Fard R. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages from wastewater sources on Enterococcus spp. isolated from clinical samples. Iran J Microbiol. 2021;5:671\u20137.","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.973-978","volume":"8","author":"R Shende","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shende R, Hirpurkar S, Sannat C, Rawat N, Pandey V. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages with lytic activity against common bacterial pathogens. Vet World. 2017;8:973\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"3066_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33000","volume":"6","author":"M Brown-Jaque","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown-Jaque M, Muniesa M, Navarro F. Bacteriophages in clinical samples can interfere with microbiological diagnostic tools. Sci Rep. 2016;6:33000.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3066_CR21","first-page":"e00954","volume":"10","author":"R Schooley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schooley R, Biswas B, Gill J, Hernandez-Morales A, Lancaster J, Lessor L, et al. Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;10:e00954\u201317.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"3066_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202200288","volume":"12","author":"A Hussain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussain A, Ullah I, Saeed M. Animal model testing for efficacy and adverse effects of bacteriophages against Acinetobacter baumannii. J Basic Microbiol. 2022;12:1440\u20135.","journal-title":"J Basic Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070680","volume":"7","author":"Y Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi Y, Kim S, Shin M, Kim J. Synergistic antimicrobial effects of phage vB_AbaSi_W9 and antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antibiotics. 2024;7:680.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"3066_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0046724","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00467-24","volume":"7","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Wei B, Xu L, Cong C, Murtaza B, Wang L, et al. In vivo efficacy of phage cocktails against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the rat pneumonia model. J Virol. 2024;7:e0046724.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"3066_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05010-4","volume":"5","author":"G L\u00f3pez-Leal","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Leal G, Reyes-Mu\u00f1oz A, Santamaria R, Cevallos M, P\u00e9rez-Monter C, Castillo-Ram\u00edrez S. A novel vieuvirus from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Arch Virol. 2021;5:1401\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"3066_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.07.029","volume":"2","author":"P Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li P, Chen B, Song Z, Song Y, Yang Y, Ma P, et al. Bioinformatic analysis of the Acinetobacter baumannii phage AB1 genome. Gene. 2012;2:125\u201334.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"3066_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040188","volume":"10","author":"C Philipson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Philipson C, Voegtly L, Lueder M, Long K, Rice G, Frey K, et al. Characterizing phage genomes for therapeutic applications. Viruses. 2018;10:188.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"3066_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31455-5","volume":"13","author":"M Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu M, Hernandez-Morales A, Clark J, Le T, Biswas B, Bishop-Lilly K, et al. Comparative genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii and therapeutic bacteriophages from a patient undergoing phage therapy. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3776.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3066_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.878912","volume":"13","author":"S Hamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamed S, Hussein A, Al-Agamy M, Radwan H, Zafer MM. Genetic configuration of genomic resistance islands in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Egypt. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:878912.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","volume":"4","author":"A Bauer","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bauer A, Kirby W, Sherris J, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966;4:493\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"3066_CR31","unstructured":"M100Ed33| Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 33rd Edition. Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. [cited 2025 Feb. 25]. Available from: https:\/\/clsi.org\/standards\/products\/microbiology\/documents\/m100\/"},{"key":"3066_CR32","first-page":"17","volume":"13","author":"M Abdel-Monem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdel-Monem M, Esmael A, Abdelrahman S, Shraf A, Hassan M. Biocontrol of Acinetobacter baumannii-S-MH using bacteriophages isolated from sewage water. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci G Microbiol. 2021;13:17\u201332.","journal-title":"Egypt Acad J Biol Sci G Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kropinski A, Mazzocco A, Waddell T, Lingohr E, Johnson R. Enumeration of bacteriophages by double agar overlay plaque assay. In: Clokie M, Kropinski A, editors. Bacteriophages. Humana Press; 2009. pp. 69\u201376.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-164-6_7"},{"key":"3066_CR34","unstructured":"Adams M. Bacteriophages. New York: Interscience Publishers; 1959. Available from: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bacteriophages00adam\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up"},{"key":"3066_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8682-8_4","volume-title":"The human Virome","author":"N Bonilla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonilla N, Barr J. Phage on tap: a quick and efficient protocol for the Preparation of bacteriophage laboratory stocks. In: Moya A, P\u00e9rez Brocal V, editors. The human Virome. New York: Humana; 2018. pp. 37\u201346."},{"key":"3066_CR36","first-page":"428","volume-title":"Bacteriophages: biology and applications","author":"K Carlson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carlson K. Working with bacteriophages: common techniques and methodological approaches. In: Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A, editors. Bacteriophages: biology and applications. 1st ed. London: CRC; 2005. pp. 428\u201358.","edition":"1"},{"key":"3066_CR37","first-page":"169","volume":"8","author":"Y Osman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osman Y, El-Morsi A, Atiya A. Morphological and PCR differentiation between some phages from Bacillus thuringiensis strain C18. J Agric Chem Biotechnol. 2018;8:169\u201373.","journal-title":"J Agric Chem Biotechnol"},{"key":"3066_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99788-x","volume":"15","author":"M Sherif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sherif M, Abdelaziz N, Alshahrani M, Saleh S, Aboshanab K. In vitro, genomic characterization and pre-clinical evaluation of a new thermostable lytic Obolenskvirus phage formulated as a hydrogel against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2025;15:17149.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3066_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118557","volume":"3","author":"M Mirzaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mirzaei M, Nilsson A. Isolation of phages for phage therapy: a comparison of spot tests and efficiency of plating analyses for determination of host range and efficacy. PLoS One. 2015;3:e0118557.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3066_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24497","volume":"7","author":"E Ghaznavi-Rad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghaznavi-Rad E, Komijani M, Moradabadi A, Rezaei M, Shaykh-Baygloo N. Isolation of a lytic bacteriophage against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections and its dramatic effect in rat model of burn infection. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;7:e24497.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"3066_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104853","volume":"8","author":"M Merabishvili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merabishvili M, Vandenheuvel D, Kropinski A, Mast J, De Vos D, Verbeken G, et al. Characterization of newly isolated lytic bacteriophages active against. Acinetobacter Baumannii PLoS One. 2014;8:e104853.","journal-title":"Acinetobacter Baumannii PLoS One"},{"key":"3066_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38453-7","volume":"13","author":"M Mardiana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mardiana M, Teh S, Tsai Y, Yang H, Lin L, Lin N. Characterization of a novel and active temperate phage vB_AbaM_ABMM1 with antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Sci Rep. 2023;13:11347.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3066_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34300","volume":"6","author":"E Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li E, Yin Z, Ma Y, Li H, Lin W, Wei X, et al. Identification and molecular characterization of bacteriophage phiAxp-2 of Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34300.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3066_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1379400","volume":"15","author":"X Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian X, Liu X, Zhou J, Wang L, Wang Q, Qi X, et al. Isolation, characterization and therapeutic evaluation of a new Acinetobacter virus Abgy202141 lysing Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1379400.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107488","volume":"203","author":"Y \u0130\u015flek","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u0130\u015flek Y, Hamzeli N, Akta\u015f A, \u00c7ak\u0131rlar F. Isolation and characterization a novel Acinetobacter bacteriophage with activity against several multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Microb Pathog. 2025;203:107488.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"3066_CR46","unstructured":"Sambrook J, Russell D. Bacteriophage\u202f\u03bb and its vectors. In: Sambrook J, Russell D, editors. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2001. p.\u202f2.1\u20132.117."},{"key":"3066_CR47","unstructured":"Andrews S. FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 2010. Available from: http:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc"},{"key":"3066_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr026","volume":"27","author":"R Schmieder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmieder R, Edwards R. Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:863\u20134.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3066_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","volume":"5","author":"A Bankevich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich A, Dvorkin M, Kulikov A, et al. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2012;5:455\u201377.","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"3066_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","volume":"8","author":"A Gurevich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gurevich A, Saveliev V, Vyahhi N, Tesler G. Quast: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2013;8:1072\u20135.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3066_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"3","author":"S Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul S, Gish W, Miller W, Myers E, Lipman D. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;3:403\u201310.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"3066_CR52","first-page":"D606","volume":"D1","author":"J Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis J, Wattam A, Aziz R, Brettin T, Butler R, Butler R, et al. The PATRIC bioinformatics resource center: expanding data and analysis capabilities. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;D1:D606\u201312.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"3066_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75","volume":"9","author":"R Aziz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aziz R, Bartels D, Best A, DeJongh M, Disz T, Edwards R, et al. The RAST server: rapid annotations using subsystems technology. BMC Genomics. 2008;9:75.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"3066_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020342","volume":"2","author":"K Yukgehnaish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yukgehnaish K, Rajandas H, Parimannan S, Manickam R, Marimuthu K, Petersen B, et al. PhageLeads: rapid assessment of phage therapeutic suitability using an ensemble machine learning approach. Viruses. 2022;2:342.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"3066_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hallgren J, Tsirigos K, Pedersen M, Almagro Armenteros J, Marcatili P, Nielsen H et al. DeepTMHMM predicts alpha and beta transmembrane proteins using deep neural networks. BioRxiv [preprint]. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.04.08.487609.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.04.08.487609"},{"key":"3066_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx440","volume":"33","author":"J Meier-Kolthoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meier-Kolthoff J, G\u00f6ker M. VICTOR: genome-based phylogeny and classification of prokaryotic viruses. Bioinformatics. 2017;33:3396\u2013404.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3066_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-60","volume":"14","author":"J Meier-Kolthoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meier-Kolthoff J, Auch A, Klenk H, G\u00f6ker M. Genome sequence-based species delimitation with confidence intervals and improved distance functions. BMC Bioinformatics. 2013;14:60.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3066_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111268","volume":"11","author":"C Moraru","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moraru C, Varsani A, Kropinski A. VIRIDIC\u2014a novel tool to calculate the intergenomic similarities of prokaryote-infecting viruses. Viruses. 2020;11:1268.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"3066_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx157","volume":"15","author":"Y Nishimura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nishimura Y, Yoshida T, Kuronishi M, Uehara H, Ogata H, Goto S. ViPTree: the viral proteomic tree server. Bioinformatics. 2017;15:2379\u201380.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3066_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-140","volume":"6","author":"D Turner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Turner D, Reynolds D, Seto D, Mahadevan P. CoreGenes3.5: a webserver for the determination of core genes from sets of viral and small bacterial genomes. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:140.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"3066_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263","volume":"12","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Suleski M, Sanderford M, Sharma S, Tamura K. MEGA12: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis version 12 for adaptive and green computing. Mol Biol Evol. 2024;12:msae263.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"3066_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3390\/v13030506","volume":"3","author":"D Turner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner D, Kropinski A, Adriaenssens E. A roadmap for genome-based phage taxonomy. Viruses. 2021;3:506.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"3066_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black E, Powell C, Dempsey D, Hendrickson R, Mims L, Lefkowitz E. Virus taxonomy: the database of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025; Nov 26:gkaf1159.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1159"},{"key":"3066_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01352","volume":"7","author":"A Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross A, Ward S, Hyman P. More is better: selecting for broad host range bacteriophages. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1352.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12010035","volume":"1","author":"P Hyman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hyman P. Phages for phage therapy: isolation, characterization, and host range breadth. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2019;1:35.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"3066_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725311","volume":"1","author":"J Gill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gill J, Hyman P. Phage choice, isolation, and preparation for phage therapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2010;1:2\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"3066_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.47","volume":"6","author":"B Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan B, Abedon S, Loc-Carrillo C. Phage cocktails and the future of phage therapy. Future Microbiol. 2013;6:769\u201383.","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-024-00744-9","volume":"10","author":"H Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed H, Eid M, Kamer A, ElShenawy R, El-Askary A, El-Kholy A, et al. Isolation, partial characterization, therapeutic, and safety evaluation of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lytic phage in a mouse model. Future J Pharm Sci. 2024;10:175.","journal-title":"Future J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"3066_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301089","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1301089","volume":"14","author":"P He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He P, Cao F, Qu Q, Geng H, Yang X, Xu T, et al. Host range expansion of Acinetobacter phage vB_Ab4_Hep4 driven by a spontaneous tail tubular mutation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1301089.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110098","volume":"595","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Shao Y, You H, Shen Y, Miao F, Yuan C, et al. Characterization and therapeutic potential of MRABP9, a novel lytic bacteriophage infecting multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains. Virology. 2024;595:110098.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"3066_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94040-y","volume":"15","author":"S Janesomboon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Janesomboon S, Sawaengwong T, Muangsombut V, Vanaporn M, Santanirand P, Kritsiriwuthinan K, et al. Synergistic antibacterial activity of curcumin and phage against multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2025;15:8959.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3066_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26696-9","volume":"1","author":"L Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang L, Huang S, Jiang L, Tan J, Yan X, Gou C, et al. Characterization and sequencing of the novel phage Abp95, which is effective against multi-genotypes of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2023;1:188.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3066_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198889","volume":"320","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Wang X, Hua X, Yu Y, Leptihn S, Loh B. Therapeutic evaluation of the Acinetobacter baumannii phage Phab24 for clinical use. Virus Res. 2022;320:198889.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"3066_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061240","volume":"6","author":"M Mardiana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mardiana M, Teh S, Lin L, Lin N. Isolation and characterization of a novel Siphoviridae phage, vB_AbaS_TCUP2199, infecting multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Viruses. 2022;6:1240.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"3066_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03608-7","volume":"24","author":"I Ndiaye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ndiaye I, Debarbieux L, Sow O, Ba B, Diagne M, Ciss\u00e9 A, et al. Characterization of two Friunavirus phages and their inhibitory effects on biofilms of extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Dakar, Senegal. BMC Microbiol. 2024;24:449.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2024.08.002","volume":"5","author":"X Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng X, Liu M, Li P, Xu S, Chen L, Xu G, et al. Antibacterial activity evaluation of a novel K3-specific phage against Acinetobacter baumannii and evidence for receptor-binding domain transfer across morphologies. Virol Sin. 2024;5:767\u201381.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"3066_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107220","volume":"2","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang W, Wu J, Zhang B, Yu J, Han L, Lu X, et al. Phage therapy combats Pan drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection safely and efficiently. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2024;2:107220.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"3066_CR78","first-page":"54469","volume":"1","author":"N Bagi\u0144ska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bagi\u0144ska N, Grygiel I, Orwat F, Harhala M, J\u0119drusiak A, G\u0119barowska E, et al. Stability study in selected conditions and biofilm-reducing activity of phages active against drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2024;1:54469.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3066_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02556-y","volume":"21","author":"R Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang R, You X, Liu X, Fei B, Li Y, Wang D, et al. Characterization of phage HZY2308 against Acinetobacter baumannii and identification of phage-resistant bacteria. Virol J. 2024;21:283.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"3066_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1382145","volume":"14","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Yang X, Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, et al. Characterization and efficacy against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii of a novel Friunavirus phage from sewage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1382145.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.090100","volume":"1","author":"Y Shao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shao Y, Wang IN. Bacteriophage adsorption rate and optimal lysis time. Genetics. 2008;1:471\u201382.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"3066_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02618-7","volume":"1","author":"W Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng W, Zeng F, Wu Z, Jin Z, Li W, Zhu M, et al. Isolation and genomic analysis of temperate phage 5\u00a0W targeting multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Arch Microbiol. 2022;1:58.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010231","volume":"1","author":"N Bagi\u0144ska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bagi\u0144ska N, Harhala M, Cie\u015blik M, Orwat F, Weber-D\u0105browska B, D\u0105browska K, et al. Biological properties of 12 newly isolated Acinetobacter baumannii-specific bacteriophages. Viruses. 2023;1:231.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"3066_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-022-00492-9","volume":"1","author":"B Sisakhtpour","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sisakhtpour B, Mirzaei A, Karbasizadeh V, Hosseini N, Shabani M, Moghim S. The characteristic and potential therapeutic effect of isolated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii lytic phage. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022;1:1.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"3066_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03854-3","volume":"1","author":"J Su","year":"2025","unstructured":"Su J, Tan Y, Liu S, Zou H, Huang X, Chen S, et al. Characterization of a novel lytic phage vB_AbaM_AB4P2 encoding depolymerase and its application in eliminating biofilms formed by Acinetobacter baumannii. BMC Microbiol. 2025;1:123.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"3066_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13208-0","volume":"1","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Wei B, Xu L, Cong C, Murtaza B, Wang L, et al. A novel saclayvirus Acinetobacter baumannii phage: genomic analysis and effectiveness in preventing pneumonia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;1:428.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"3066_CR87","first-page":"34","volume":"1","author":"M Fayez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fayez M, Hakim T, Zaki B, Makky S, Abdelmoteleb M, Essam K, et al. Morphological, biological, and genomic characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae phage vB_Kpn_ZC2. Virol J. 2023;1:34.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"3066_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030739","volume":"3","author":"D Peters","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peters D, Davis C, Harris G, Zhou H, Rather P, Hrapovic S, et al. Characterization of virulent T4-like Acinetobacter baumannii bacteriophages DLP1 and DLP2. Viruses. 2023;3:739.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"3066_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00162","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00162-17","volume":"91","author":"J Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu J, Xiang Y. Membrane penetration by bacterial viruses. J Virol. 2017;91:e00162\u20131.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"3066_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4529","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.16.4529-4535.2002","volume":"184","author":"F Rohwer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rohwer F, Edwards R. The phage proteomic tree: a genome-based taxonomy for phage. J Bacteriol. 2002;184:4529\u201335.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"3066_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.09.004","volume":"6","author":"R Hendrix","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hendrix R. Bacteriophage genomics. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003;6:506\u201311.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03066-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03066-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03066-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T19:03:02Z","timestamp":1771959782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03066-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03066-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"49"}}