{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:50:54Z","timestamp":1791438654262,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Innovation Project","award":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Innovation Project","award":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Innovation Project","award":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Innovation Project","award":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Innovation Project","award":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS- ASTIP-2021-LVRI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-026-03076-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T10:44:21Z","timestamp":1769337861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A novel ORF127\/ORF130 gene deletion Orf virus vaccine candidate: construction and evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Guangxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuanbian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"3076_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X12666170602080301","volume":"1","author":"H Demiraslan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Demiraslan H, Dinc G, Doganay M. An overwiev of orf virus infection in humans and animals. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2017;1:21\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1574891X12666170602080301.","journal-title":"Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov"},{"key":"3076_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1702(02)00117-x","volume":"88","author":"DM Haig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haig DM, McInnes CJ. Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus Orf virus. Virus Res. 2002;88:3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0168-1702(02)00117-x.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3076_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01634-9","volume":"18","author":"BM Modise","year":"2021","unstructured":"Modise BM, Settypalli TBK, Kgotlele T, Xue D, Ntesang K, Kumile K, et al. First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana. Virol J. 2021;18(1):167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01634-9.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"3076_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3424-z","volume":"162","author":"X Chi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chi X, Zeng X, Luo S. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of a multifocal cutaneous Orf virus with mixed bacterial infection outbreak in goats in Fujian province, China. Arch Virol. 2017;162:2997\u20133006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-017-3424-z.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"3076_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213694","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1213694","volume":"13","author":"Y Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu Y, Cui Y, Song B. The Cooperation between Orf virus and Staphylococcus aureus leads to intractable lesions in skin infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1213694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1213694.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR6","first-page":"971","volume":"139","author":"A Maki Jr","year":"1988","unstructured":"Maki A Jr., Hinsberg A, Percheson P, Marshall DG. Orf: contagious pustular dermatitis. CMAJ. 1988;139:971\u20132.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"3076_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05669.x","volume":"53","author":"B Gerceker Turk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gerceker Turk B, Senturk B, Dereli T, Yaman B. A rare human-to-human transmission of orf. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(1):e63-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05669.x.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3076_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181513","volume":"25","author":"J Andreani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andreani J, Fongue J, Khalil JYB, David L, Scola BL. Human infection with Orf virus and description of its whole genome, France, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(12):2197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2512.181513.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"3076_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.116","volume":"11","author":"V Bhanuprakash","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Yogisharadhya R, Singh RK. Animal poxvirus vaccines: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(11):1355\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/erv.12.116.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"3076_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057","volume":"120","author":"JA Bala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Mohamed RB, Mohd-Azmi ML. The re-emerging of Orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures. Microb Pathog. 2018;120:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"3076_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2020.07.023","volume":"323","author":"K Lothert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lothert K, Pagallies F, Feger T, Amann R, Wolff MW. Selection of chromatographic methods for the purification of cell culture-derived Orf virus for its application as a vaccine or viral vector. J Biotechnol. 2020;323:62\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2020.07.023.","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"3076_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.05.013","volume":"65","author":"F Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu F, Zhang H, Liu W. Construction of Recombinant capripoxviruses as vaccine vectors for delivering foreign antigens: methodology and application. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;65:181\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.05.013.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3076_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197807","volume":"276","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Cui Y, Zhu Y, Li W, Li S, Fang J, Xiao P, Han J, Yao W, Sun L, et al. Deletion of multiple genes induces virulence reduction of vaccinia virus Tiantan strain. Virus Res. 2020;276:197807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197807.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"3076_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00462","volume":"7","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhu Y, Chen S, Li W, Yin X, Li S, Xiao P, Han J, Li X, Sun L, Jin N. Generation of an attenuated Tiantan vaccinia virus strain by deletion of multiple genes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00462.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0119921","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01199-21","volume":"95","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ke J, Zhang J, Yang J, Yue H, Zhou X, Qi Y, Zhu R, Miao F, Li Q, et al. African swine fever virus bearing an I226R gene deletion elicits robust immunity in pigs to African swine fever. J Virol. 2021;95:e0119921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01199-21.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"3076_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198740","volume":"313","author":"M Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu M, Zhang C, Liu Y, Chen S, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Cao R, Wang J. A noval strategy of deletion in PK gene for construction of a vaccine candidate with exellent safety and complete protection efficiency against high virulent Chinese pseudorabies virus variant. Virus Res. 2022;313:198740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198740.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"3076_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20154243","volume":"48","author":"M Weiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weiss M, Brum MCS, Anziliero D, Weiblen R, Flores EF. A glycoprotein E gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus 1 as a candidate vaccine strain. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2015;48(9):843\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1414-431X20154243.","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"3076_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81969-0","volume":"87","author":"B Muylkens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Muylkens B, Meurens F, Schynts F, Farnir F, Pourchet A, Bardiau M, et al. Intraspecific bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants carrying glycoprotein e deletion as a vaccine marker are virulent in cattle. J Gen Virol. 2006;87(Pt 8):2149\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.81969-0.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"3076_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(98)00466-6","volume":"17","author":"EB Belknap","year":"1999","unstructured":"Belknap EB, Walters LM, Kelling C, Ayers VK, Norris J, McMillen J, Hayhow C, Cochran M, Reddy DN, Wright J, Collins JK. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a gE, gG and US2 gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) vaccine. Vaccine. 1999;17:2297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0264-410x(98)00466-6.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"3076_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109387","volume":"267","author":"Y Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun Y, Zhao L, Fu ZF. Effective cross-protection of a lyophilized live gE\/gI\/TK-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine against classical and variant PRV challenges. Vet Microbiol. 2022;267:109387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109387.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.12.008","volume":"183","author":"Y Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun Y, Luo Y, Wang CH, Yuan J, Li N, Song K, et al. Control of swine pseudorabies in China: opportunities and limitations. Vet Microbiol. 2016;183:119\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.12.008.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus ORF116 gene encodes an antagonist of the interferon response. J Gen Virol. 2021;102(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jgv.0.001695.","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001695"},{"key":"3076_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2015_03_257","volume":"59","author":"J Qiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qiao J, Yang HB, Peng YL, Meng QL, Chen C, Ma Y, Xie K, Liu TL, Cai XP, Chen CF. Effect of ORF119 gene deletion on the replication and virulence of Orf virus. Acta Virol. 2015;59:257\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4149\/av_2015_03_257.","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"3076_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109066","volume":"257","author":"M Martins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins M, Rodrigues FS, Joshi LR, Jardim JC, Flores MM, Weiblen R, Flores EF, Diel DG. Orf virus ORFV112, ORFV117 and ORFV127 contribute to ORFV IA82 virulence in sheep. Vet Microbiol. 2021;257:109066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109066.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.04.018","volume":"128","author":"LM Wise","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wise LM, Savory LJ, Dryden NH, Whelan EM, Fleming SB, Mercer AA. Major amino acid sequence variants of viral vascular endothelial growth factor are functionally equivalent during Orf virus infection of sheep skin. Virus Res. 2007;128:115\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.04.018.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"3076_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1023\/b:viru.0000018443.19040.99","volume":"21","author":"SB Fleming","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fleming SB, Haig DM, Nettleton P, Reid HW, McCaughan CA, Wise LM, Mercer A. Sequence and functional analysis of a homolog of interleukin-10 encoded by the parapoxvirus Orf virus. Virus Genes. 2000;21:85\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:viru.0000018443.19040.99.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"3076_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2427(99)00119-1","volume":"72","author":"DM Haig","year":"1999","unstructured":"Haig DM, Fleming S. Immunomodulation by virulence proteins of the parapoxvirus orf virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1999;72:81\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-2427(99)00119-1.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"3076_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2427(02)00087-9","volume":"87","author":"DM Haig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haig DM, Thomson J, McInnes C, McCaughan C, Imlach W, Mercer A, Fleming S. Orf virus immuno-modulation and the host immune response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;87:395\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-2427(02)00087-9.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"3076_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00680-w","volume":"22","author":"R Hernandez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hernandez R, P\u00f5der J, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Engineering IL-2 for immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22:614\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-022-00680-w.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3076_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01739-z","volume":"25","author":"KA Tran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tran KA, Pernet E, Sadeghi M, Downey J, Chronopoulos J, Lapshina E, Tsai O, Kaufmann E, Ding J. Divangahi M.BCG immunization induces CX3CR1(hi) effector memory T cells to provide cross-protection via IFN-\u03b3-mediated trained immunity. Nat Immunol. 2024;25:418\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-023-01739-z.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"3076_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03823-w","volume":"55","author":"E Karakurt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karakurt E, Coskun N, Beytut E, Dag S, Yilmaz V, Nuhoglu H, Yildiz A, Kurtbas E. Cytokine profile in lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2023;55:401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-023-03823-w.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"3076_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13230","volume":"320","author":"ZJ Bernstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bernstein ZJ, Shenoy A, Chen A, Heller NM, Spangler JB. Engineering the IL-4\/IL-13 axis for targeted immune modulation. Immunol Rev. 2023;320:29\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.13230.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"3076_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0921-5_4","volume":"941","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Masuda K, Kishimoto T. Regulation of IL-6 in immunity and diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;941:79\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-024-0921-5_4.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"3076_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-5890(02)00210-9","volume":"39","author":"S Diehl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diehl S, Rinc\u00f3n M. The two faces of IL-6 on Th1\/Th2 differentiation. Mol Immunol. 2002;39:531\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-5890(02)00210-9.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"3076_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107023","volume":"197","author":"Z Bamouh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bamouh Z, Tifrouin I, Elkarhat Z, Abid L, Fellahi S, Elharrak M. Pathogenicity and phylogenetic analysis of ovine contagious ecthyma virus isolated during a sheeppox outbreak in Morocco. Microb Pathog. 2024;197:107023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107023.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"3076_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109831","volume":"284","author":"X Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang X, Xie Y, Li G, Niyazbekova Z, Li S, Chang J, Chen D. Ma W.ORFV entry into host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Vet Microbiol. 2023;284:109831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109831.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S306446","volume":"12","author":"TA Kassa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kassa TA, Review on. Human orf: A neglected viral zoonosis. Res Rep Trop Med. 2021;12:153\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RRTM.S306446.","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"3076_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326154","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1326154","volume":"11","author":"DA Montero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, Carre\u00f1o LJ, Torres JP, Benachi OM, Tovar-Rosero YY, O\u00f1ate AA. O\u2019Ryan M.Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1326154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1326154.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3076_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1656(00)00307-2","volume":"83","author":"H Rziha","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rziha H, Henkel M, Cottone R, Bauer B, Auge U, G\u00f6tz F, Pfaff E, R\u00f6ttgen M, Dehio C. B\u00fcttner M.Generation of Recombinant parapoxviruses: non-essential genes suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes. J Biotechnol. 2000;83:137\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0168-1656(00)00307-2.","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"3076_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-76-12-2969","volume":"76","author":"SB Fleming","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fleming SB, Lyttle DJ, Sullivan JT, Mercer AA, Robinson AJ. Genomic analysis of a transposition-deletion variant of Orf virus reveals a 3.3 Kbp region of non-essential DNA. J Gen Virol. 1995;76(Pt 12):2969\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/0022-1317-76-12-2969.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"3076_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00568910","volume":"13","author":"AA Mercer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mercer AA, Fraser KM, Esposito JJ. Gene homology between orf virus and smallpox variola virus. Virus Genes. 1996;13:175\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00568910.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"3076_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1702(98)00056-2","volume":"56","author":"R Cottone","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cottone R, B\u00fcttner M, Bauer B, Henkel M, Hettich E, Rziha HJ. Analysis of genomic rearrangement and subsequent gene deletion of the attenuated orf virus strain D1701. Virus Res. 1998;56:53\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0168-1702(98)00056-2.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3076_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050909","volume":"11","author":"Z Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen Z, Liu B, Zhu Z, Du J, Zhou Z, Pan C, Chen Y, Yin C, Luo Y, Li H, Chen X. Construction of a Triple-gene deletion mutant of Orf virus and evaluation of its safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Vaccines (Basel). 2023;11(5):909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines11050909.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"3076_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00046","volume":"8","author":"SB Fleming","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fleming SB, McCaughan C, Lateef Z, Dunn A, Wise LM, Real NC, Mercer AA. Deletion of the chemokine binding protein gene from the parapoxvirus Orf virus reduces virulence and pathogenesis in sheep. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00046.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02236-10","volume":"85","author":"DG Diel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diel DG, Luo S, Delhon G, Peng Y, Flores EF, Rock DL. Orf virus ORFV121 encodes a novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB that contributes to virus virulence. J Virol. 2011;85:2037\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02236-10.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"3076_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang C. Establishment of an orf virus infection model in new zealand rabbits [D]. Alar: Tarim Univ. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.27708\/d.cnki.gtlmd.2022.000387.","DOI":"10.27708\/d.cnki.gtlmd.2022.000387"},{"key":"3076_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02629-6","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Li D, Zhao R, Chen M, Li Y, Yang X, Mao H, Li X, Li Y, Shang C. Xia X.Multiple gene-deletion vaccinia virus Tiantan strain against Mpox. Virol J. 2025;22:17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02629-6.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"3076_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110088","volume":"293","author":"J Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun J, Ma J, Chen L, Xiao S, Xiao X, Fang L. Orf virus as an adjuvant enhances the immune response to a PCV2 subunit vaccine. Vet Microbiol. 2024;293:110088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110088.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"3076_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410574","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2410574","volume":"20","author":"U Klinkardt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klinkardt U, Schunk M, Ervin J, Schindler C, Sugimoto D, Rankin B, Amann R, Monti M, Kutschenko A, Schumacher C, et al. ,.A novel Orf virus vector-based COVID-19 booster vaccine shows cross-neutralizing activity in the absence of anti-vector neutralizing immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2024;20:2410574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2024.2410574.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"3076_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-024-02097-0","volume":"60","author":"P Golmei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Golmei P, Venkatesan G, Kushwaha A, Kumar A, Mondal B. Expression of F1L, a vaccinia virus H3L transmembrane protein analogue of Orf virus, and its successful purification as a diagnostic antigen. Virus Genes. 2024;60:642\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11262-024-02097-0.","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"15","key":"3076_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00398","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00398-20","volume":"94","author":"M Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider M, M\u00fcller M, Yigitliler A, Xi J, Simon C, Feger T, Rziha HJ, Stubenrauch F, Rammensee HG, Iftner T, Amann R. Orf Virus-Based therapeutic vaccine for treatment of Papillomavirus-Induced tumors. J Virol. 2020;94(15):e00398\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00398-20.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"15","key":"3076_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.7122-7130.2001","volume":"75","author":"ER Tulman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Zsak L, Kutish GF, Rock DL. Genome of lumpy skin disease virus. J Virol. 2001;75(15):7122\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.75.15.7122-7130.2001.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3076_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmo.22","volume":"7","author":"MA McLellan","year":"2017","unstructured":"McLellan MA, Rosenthal NA, Pinto AR. Cre-loxp-mediated recombination:general principles and experimental considerations. Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 2017;7(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpmo.22.","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Mouse Biol"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03076-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03076-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03076-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:26:39Z","timestamp":1771338399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03076-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03076-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were conducted in strict compliance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals established by LVRI, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Beijing, China). The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of LVRI (Approval No. SYXK (GAN) 2010\u2009\u2212\u2009003), with the specific ethical approval number: LVRIAEC-2023-086.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}