{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:18:54Z","timestamp":1788347934170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["31972663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972663"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-026-03101-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T17:02:59Z","timestamp":1771779779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exosomes in meconium mediate horizontal transmission and immune evasion of reticuloendotheliosis virus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zihao","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqiang","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenping","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/1588875","volume":"15","author":"WF Campbell","year":"1971","unstructured":"Campbell WF, Baxter-Gabbard KL, Levine AS. Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (strain T). I. Virological characterization. Avian Dis. 1971;15(4):837\u201349.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"3101_CR2","first-page":"587","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry","author":"G Zavala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zavala G, Nair V. Reticuloendotheliosis. In: Swayne DE, editor. Diseases of poultry. 14th ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2019. pp. 587\u2013625.","edition":"14"},{"issue":"3","key":"3101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2307\/1588725","volume":"15","author":"HC Mussman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Mussman HC, Twiehaus MJ. Pathogenesis of reticuloendothelial virus disease in chicks\u2013an acute runting syndrome. Avian Dis. 1971;15(3):483\u2013502.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3101_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1977.38.03.311","volume":"38","author":"PS Paul","year":"1977","unstructured":"Paul PS, Pomeroy KA, Muscoplat CC, Pomeroy BS, Sarma PS. Characteristics of two new reticuloendotheliosis virus isolates of Turkeys. Am J Vet Res. 1977;38(3):311\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458808436446","volume":"17","author":"CN Dren","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dren CN, Nemeth I, Sari I, Ratz F, Glavits R, Somogyi P. Isolation of a reticuloendotheliosis-like virus from naturally occurring lymphoreticular tumours of domestic Goose. Avian Pathol. 1988;17(2):259\u201377.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/54.6.1355","volume":"54","author":"PS Sarma","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sarma PS, Jain DK, Mishra NK, Vernon ML, Paul PS, Pomeroy BS. Isolation and characterization of viruses from natural outbreaks of reticuloendotheliosis in Turkeys. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1975;54(6):1355\u20139.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3101_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.05.008","volume":"166","author":"L Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang L, Qi X, Gao Y, Hua Y, Li K, Deng X, et al. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from wild birds in Northeast China. Vet Microbiol. 2013;166(1\u20132):68\u201375.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.013","volume":"71","author":"E Marb\u00e1n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marb\u00e1n E. The secret life of exosomes: what bees can teach Us about Next-Generation therapeutics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(2):193\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.12.003","volume":"388","author":"A Gallo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallo A, Vella S, Miele M, Timoneri F, Di Bella M, Bosi S, et al. Global profiling of viral and cellular non-coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoblastoid cell lines and released exosome cargos. Cancer Lett. 2017;388:334\u201343.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"3101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li M, Zeringer E, Barta T, Schageman J, Cheng A, Vlassov AV. Analysis of the RNA content of the exosomes derived from blood serum and urine and its potential as biomarkers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369(1652):20130512.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0502"},{"key":"3101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madison MN, Welch JL, Okeoma CM. Isolation of exosomes from semen for in vitro uptake and HIV-1 infection assays. Bio Protoc. 2017;7(7):e2216.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2216"},{"issue":"11","key":"3101_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111061","volume":"27","author":"C Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang C, Chen J, Zhao Y, Wu J, Xu Y, Xu J, et al. Salivary exosomes exacerbate colitis by bridging the oral cavity and intestine. iScience. 2024;27(11):111061.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.09.005","volume":"26","author":"SA Melo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melo SA, Sugimoto H, O\u2019Connell JT, Kato N, Villanueva A, Vidal A, et al. Cancer exosomes perform cell-independent MicroRNA biogenesis and promote tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell. 2014;26(5):707\u201321.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"3101_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11595","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202854","volume":"13","author":"M Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu M, Wang Z, Ren S, Zhao H. Exosomes derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected MSCs induce a pro-inflammatory response of macrophages. Aging. 2021;13(8):11595\u2013609.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3101_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"BB Shenoda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shenoda BB, Ajit SK. Modulation of immune responses by exosomes derived from Antigen-Presenting cells. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 2016;9(Suppl 1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Pathol"},{"issue":"21","key":"3101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200900351","volume":"9","author":"S Mathivanan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mathivanan S, Simpson RJ, ExoCarta:. A compendium of Exosomal proteins and RNA. Proteomics. 2009;9(21):4997\u20135000.","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3101_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.01.026","volume":"37","author":"L Liao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liao L, Chen W, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li A, Yan Y, et al. Semen extracellular vesicles mediate vertical transmission of subgroup J avian leukosis virus. Virol Sin. 2022;37(2):284\u201394.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"issue":"4","key":"3101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13519","volume":"67","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu J, Li H, Liu B, Zhao B, Zhang P, Yu X, et al. Emergence of spontaneously occurring neoplastic disease caused by reticuloendotheliosis virus in breeding muscovy ducks in China, 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(4):1442\u20136.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-65.3.414","volume":"65","author":"E Hofmeister","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hofmeister E, Georgousi F, Lund M, Ferro PJ, Flanagan J, Haefele H, et al. Genetic sequencing of attwater\u2019s prairie chicken avian poxvirus and evaluation of its potential role in reticuloendotheliosis virus outbreaks. Avian Dis. 2021;65(3):414\u20138.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14446","volume":"69","author":"M Matos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matos M, Bilic I, Palmieri N, Mitsch P, Sommer F, Tvarogov\u00e1 J, et al. Epidemic of cutaneous fowlpox in a na\u00efve population of chickens and Turkeys in austria: detailed phylogenetic analysis indicates co-evolution of fowlpox virus with reticuloendotheliosis virus. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(5):2913\u201323.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"3101_CR21","first-page":"855","volume":"38","author":"W YiXin","year":"2016","unstructured":"YiXin W, ZhiZhong C, Peng Z. Genomic sequence analysis of the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus LN1201 strain and unique features of its U3 region. Chin J Prev Veterinary Med. 2016;38(11):855\u20139.","journal-title":"Chin J Prev Veterinary Med"},{"key":"3101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735280","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.735280","volume":"12","author":"Q Su","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su Q, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Semen-Derived exosomes mediate immune escape and transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus. Front Immunol. 2021;12:735280.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3101_CR23","first-page":"107","volume":"1","author":"HR Bose","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bose HR. Jr. Reticuloendotheliosis virus and disturbance in immune regulation. Microbiol Sci. 1984;1(5):107\u201312.","journal-title":"Microbiol Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"3101_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1831413100","volume":"100","author":"SJ Gould","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gould SJ, Booth AM, Hildreth JE. The Trojan exosome hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(19):10592\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"3101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110062","volume":"292","author":"X Bao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bao X, Zhuang T, Xu Y, Chen L, Feng L, Yao H. Exosomes secreted by CSFV-infected cells evade neutralizing antibody to activate innate immune responses and Establish productive infection in recipient cells. Vet Microbiol. 2024;292:110062.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-018-0462-x","volume":"15","author":"BJ Patters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patters BJ, Kumar S. The role of Exosomal transport of viral agents in persistent HIV pathogenesis. Retrovirology. 2018;15(1):79.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011090","volume":"19","author":"Y Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu Y, Xiong S. Exosomes mediate coxsackievirus B3 transmission and expand the viral tropism. PLoS Pathog. 2023;19(1):e1011090.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"3101_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, He M, He H, Kilby K, Antueno R, Castle E et al. Nonenveloped avian reoviruses released with small extracellular vesicles are highly infectious. Viruses. 2023;15(7):1610.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071610"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.006","volume":"71","author":"L Deng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng L, Jiang W, Wang X, Merz A, Hiet MS, Chen Y, et al. Syntenin regulates hepatitis C virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibody by promoting E2 secretion through exosomes. J Hepatol. 2019;71(1):52\u201361.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3101_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02445-4","volume":"21","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Z, Cui H, Zhang Y, Sun W, Yang W, Zhao P. DF-1-Derived exosomes mediate transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus and resist REV-specific antibodies. Virol J. 2024;21(1):177.","journal-title":"Virol J"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03101-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03101-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03101-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:36:57Z","timestamp":1774618617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03101-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03101-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7882074\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The submitted animal experimentation protocol has been reviewed by the SDAU Animal Ethics Committee and is confirmed to comply with principles of animal protection, animal welfare, and ethics, as well as relevant national regulations on laboratory animal welfare and ethics in China.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}