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Although phage therapy has gained global interest as a response to emerging AMR,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains an understudied target for phage therapy. In this context, we aimed to isolate\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific phages and study their in vitro infection efficacy when combined into cocktails, in the presence of antibiotics and human serum and against bacterial biofilms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We isolated one\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      -phage fHoEfm07, that did not resemble any known phage genera and four\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -phages belonging to\n                      <jats:italic>Saphexavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (fHoEfa01 and fHoEfa06) and\n                      <jats:italic>Efquatrovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (fHoEfa03 and fHoEfa04) genera. The phages from the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Saphexavirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and fHoEfm07 were suitable for therapeutic applications based on their genome characterization; however, the phages belonging to the\n                      <jats:italic>Efquatrovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus contained a potential AMR-related gene. In vitro studies indicated that interactions between phages, antibiotics, and human serum depended on the specific phage-host pairing or antibiotic concentration. Moreover, only phage fHoEfa03 reduced the biofilm masses after 3\u00a0h and 24\u00a0h phage treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides valuable insights into the potential of\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      phages in conditions mimicking phage therapy. The characterization of novel phages, assessment of their therapeutic suitability, and exploration of synergistic treatment strategies contribute to the foundational knowledge required to advance phage therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-026-03147-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:20:55Z","timestamp":1780392055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial potential of five phages in controlling Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Henni","family":"Tuomala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Nylund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Mustonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Flod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saija","family":"Kiljunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3147_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.030","volume":"41","author":"W Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao W, Howden BP, Stinear TP. 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These research permits include ethical approval and were given by Helsinki University Hospital based on law 9.4.1999\/488 (\n                      \n                      ). This work does not involve handling or storing patient samples for example tissues, blood, or cells, nor patient personal data. Thus, Finnish laws 2.2.2001\/101 (\n                      \n                      ), 30.11.2012\/688 (\n                      \n                      ), or EU Regulation 2016\/679 (\n                      \n                      ) on data protection do not apply. The bacterial strains used in the work have been obtained as pure cultures, anonymized or pseudonymized and named based on their sequential storage number in the strain collection of the University of Helsinki research group. Therefore, ethical approval or consent to participate is not required. The Helsinki Declaration does not apply either as no patients or patient data is involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"S.K. is a co-founder, shareholder, and board member in PrecisionPhage Ltd. HT, TN, MM and AF declare no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"143"}}