{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:48:24Z","timestamp":1782175704298,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virol J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-026-03177-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:07:15Z","timestamp":1777730835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seroprevalence and Demographic Distribution of Blood-Borne Viral Infections among Hemodialysis Patients in Sudan: A Multicenter Study from Conflict-Affected Khartoum State"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2804-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Azhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihad","family":"Almomen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooh Mohamed","family":"Hajhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mogeeb","family":"Kabashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra Abdallah Abdalwahed","family":"Mahgoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude Mambo","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawahib","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basmah F.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Edwar","family":"Siddig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3177_CR1","unstructured":"Hemodialysis - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 6]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33085443\/"},{"key":"3177_CR2","unstructured":"Hemodialysis | National Kidney Foundation [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.kidney.org\/kidney-topics\/hemodialysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3177_CR3","first-page":"12","volume":"15","author":"T Eleftheriadis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eleftheriadis T, Liakopoulos V, Leivaditis K, Antoniadi G, Stefanidis I. Infections in hemodialysis: a concise review - Part 1: bacteremia and respiratory infections. Hippokratia. 2011;15(1):12\u20137. PubMed PMID: 21607029; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3093138.","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"3177_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blood stream Infections in chronic hemodialysis patients -. characteristics and outcomes | BMC Nephrology | Full Text [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 6]. Available from: https:\/\/bmcnephrol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-023-03442-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03442-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"3177_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.06.018","volume":"79","author":"MR Sinclair","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinclair MR, Souli M, Ruffin F, Park LP, Dagher M, Eichenberger EM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Among Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis: Trends in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(3):393\u2013e4031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.06.018. PubMed PMID: 34303771.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"3177_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.01.314","volume":"13","author":"A Rteil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rteil A, Kazma JM, El Sawda J, Gharamti A, Koubar SH, Kanafani ZA. Clinical characteristics, risk factors and microbiology of infections in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(8):1166\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.01.314.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"3177_CR7","unstructured":"Bloodborne Infectious Disease Risk Factors. | Healthcare Workers | CDC [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/healthcare\/risk-factors\/bloodborne-infectious-diseases.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"3177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1529-1","volume":"20","author":"E Garthwaite","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garthwaite E, Reddy V, Douthwaite S, Lines S, Tyerman K, Eccles J. Clinical practice guideline management of blood borne viruses within the haemodialysis unit. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1529-1.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"3177_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Safaa Shehab. Blood-borne Viral Infections in Hemodialysis Units in Iraq: A Narrative Review of Prevalence and Contributing Factors. Razi Med J. 2025;99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69667\/rmj.25302.","DOI":"10.69667\/rmj.25302"},{"key":"3177_CR10","unstructured":"Hepatitis B. \u2013 Annual Epidemiological Report 2022. 2022."},{"issue":"9","key":"3177_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253","volume":"7","author":"BS Sheena","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sheena BS, Hiebert L, Han H, Ippolito H, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(9):796\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253. (22)00124-8 PubMed PMID: 35738290.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"3177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shahriar S, Araf Y, Ahmad R, Kattel P, Sah GS, Rahaman TI, Insights Into the Coinfections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis B Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis, Virus-Hepatitis B et al. C Virus: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front Microbiol. 2022;12:780887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.780887 PubMed PMID: 35222296; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8865087.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.780887"},{"issue":"1","key":"3177_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09177-4","volume":"24","author":"J Altinawe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Altinawe J, Akkawi ME, Kharrat Helu N, Hassan Q, Nattouf AH. Seroprevalence and risk factors of HBV, HCV and HIV among hemodialysis patients: a multicenter cross-sectional study from Damascus Syria. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-024-09177-4.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106080","volume":"179","author":"Z Khalesi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khalesi Z, Razizadeh MH, Javadi M, Bahavar A, Keyvanlou Z, Saadati H, et al. Global epidemiology of HBV infection among hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 2023;179:106080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106080.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"3177_CR15","first-page":"59","volume":"23","author":"G Cohen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cohen G. A special committee report: the status of continuing education within ACNM. J Nurse Midwifery. 1978;23:59\u201361. PubMed PMID: 251570.","journal-title":"J Nurse Midwifery"},{"issue":"08","key":"3177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.16874","volume":"17","author":"MB Khorrami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khorrami MB, Amali A, Sadeghi M, Riahi-Zanjani B. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among hemodialysis patients in a tertiary care hospital in Mashhad, Iran. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2023;17(08):1146\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.16874.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"1","key":"3177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.51374\/annalsmls.2022.2.1.0057","volume":"2","author":"RKD Ephraim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ephraim RKD. Prevalence of Hepatitis B, C and HIV infections among haemodialysis patients at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana; A retrospective study. Ann Med Lab Sci. 2022;2(1):42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51374\/annalsmls.2022.2.1.0057.","journal-title":"Ann Med Lab Sci"},{"key":"3177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luma HN, Halle MP, Fiacre SA, Azingala F, Kamdem F, Donfack-Sontsa O, et al. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses among haemodialysis patients in two newly opened centres in Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2017.27.235.13121.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.27.235.13121"},{"key":"3177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adell Abubakeer. Prevalence of Hepatitis B & C Viruses among Patients in Dialysis Centers in Zintan and Yefren Cities, Libya. AlQalam J Med Appl Sci. 2025;267\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54361\/ajmas.258140.","DOI":"10.54361\/ajmas.258140"},{"key":"3177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bin-Hameed E, Macinon A, Hirsi A, AL-gowaihi A, Alkharraz A, Bares M, et al. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B and C Viruses among Hemodialysis Patients in Mukalla City, Hadhramout, Yemen. Yemeni J Med Sci. 2025;19(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20428\/yjms.v19i2.2627.","DOI":"10.20428\/yjms.v19i2.2627"},{"key":"3177_CR21","unstructured":"datadot [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 14]. Epidemiology. Available from: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/tuberculosis\/tuberculosis-epidemiological-profile\/hepatitis---prevention-of-hepatitis-b-and-c-(39aed32-32f2prv)---relay_hhs-table"},{"issue":"3","key":"3177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.132236","volume":"25","author":"Z Lioussfi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lioussfi Z, Errami Z, Radoui A, Rhou H, Ezzaitouni F, Ouzeddoun N, et al. Viral Hepatitis C and B among Dialysis Patients at the Rabat University Hospital: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25(3):672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-2442.132236.","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"key":"3177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B. and hepatitis C virus infections among hemodialysis patients in Khartoum, Sudan - Gasim\u2009\u2013\u20092012 - Journal of Medical Virology - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 6]. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.22256?msockid=201b1329b4426f4a10c20741b5ec6e11","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22256?msockid=201b1329b4426f4a10c20741b5ec6e11"},{"issue":"3","key":"3177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.18502\/sjms.v12i3.924","volume":"12","author":"EMA Ebrahim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ebrahim EMA, Ghebrehiwot L, Abdalgfar T, Juni MH. Health Care System in Sudan: Review and Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT Analysis). Sudan J Med Sci. 2017;12(3):133\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/sjms.v12i3.924.","journal-title":"Sudan J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3177_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.32350\/sri.31.04","volume":"3","author":"HH Hussien","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussien HH, Ahmed RH. The Humanitarian Crisis in Sudan: Multifaceted Impacts of Armed Conflict on Health, Education, and Displacement. Sociol Res Innov. 2025;3(1):76\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32350\/sri.31.04.","journal-title":"Sociol Res Innov"},{"key":"3177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeele MOO, Addow ROB, Adan FN, Jimale LH. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infections among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Single-Centre Study in Somalia. Uribarri J, editor. Int J Nephrol. 2021;2021:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1555775","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1555775"},{"issue":"9","key":"3177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01483-x","volume":"35","author":"P Greeviroj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Greeviroj P, Lertussavavivat T, Thongsricome T, Takkavatakarn K, Phannajit J, Avihingsanon Y, et al. The world prevalence, associated risk factors and mortality of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2022;35(9):2269\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40620-022-01483-x.","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"3177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102255","volume":"46","author":"N Salari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salari N, Kazeminia M, Hemati N, Ammari-Allahyari M, Mohammadi M, Shohaimi S. Global prevalence of hepatitis C in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022;46:102255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102255.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"3177_CR29","unstructured":"WHO EMRO -, Sudan. HIV\/AIDS country profile 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/asd\/country-activities\/sudan.html"},{"key":"3177_CR30","unstructured":"CDC. Dialysis Safety [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2026 Mar 30]. Guidelines, Recommendations and Resources. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dialysis-safety\/hcp\/recommendations-resources\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"3177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-021-00428-8","volume":"15","author":"H Lowe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lowe H, Woodd S, Lange IL, Janjanin S, Barnet J, Graham W. Challenges and opportunities for infection prevention and control in hospitals in conflict-affected settings: a qualitative study. Confl Health. 2021;15(1):94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13031-021-00428-8.","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016406","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016406","volume":"9","author":"A Elamin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elamin A, Abdullah S, ElAbbadi A, Abdellah A, Hakim A, Wagiallah N, et al. Sudan: from a forgotten war to an abandoned healthcare system. BMJ Glob Health. 2024;9(10):e016406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-016406.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"3177_CR33","unstructured":"Sudan conflict and refugee crisis. Multi-country External Situation Report #3, covering the reporting period July 2024 [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/sudan-conflict-and-refugee-crisis--multi-country-external-situation-report--3--covering-the-reporting-period-july-2024"},{"key":"3177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733275","DOI":"10.3389\/frhs.2026.1733275","volume":"6","author":"SO Aladini","year":"2026","unstructured":"Aladini SO, Kuhail M, Nimer MJA, Zroog SA, Fahajan YF, Khattab OMO. Effect of an infection prevention and control training program on hemodialysis nurses\u2019 performance in governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip: a quasi-experimental study. Front Health Serv. 2026;6:1733275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frhs.2026.1733275.","journal-title":"Front Health Serv"}],"container-title":["Virology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03177-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03177-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03177-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:08:05Z","timestamp":1782173285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03177-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-026-03177-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-422X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-422X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines for retrospective research. Patient confidentiality was maintained by anonymizing all data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"162"}}