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All samples originated from routine diagnostic activities performed within the regional wildlife surveillance program (DGR, 13 November 2017, no. 1703), and not from experimental procedures. Therefore, since sampling was not specifically programmed as an experimental study but derived from ordinary diagnostic workflows, this work does not fall under the provisions of the Italian National Law on animal experimentation (D. Lgs. 4 March 2014, n. 26; implementation of EU Directive 2010\/63\/EU), and no formal ethical approval was required.Regarding rats, carcasses originated from rodent control programmes and were submitted to our institute already dead; thus, no animal experimentation was involved. Nonetheless, an opinion was requested from the IZSLER Ethics Committee, which confirmed that the activity did not constitute animal experimentation and issued a favourable assessment (IZSLER Prot. 5178\/2023).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"177"}}