{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:19:07Z","timestamp":1788394747638,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr Metab (Lond)"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-026-01159-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:46:16Z","timestamp":1782132376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile parameters in overweight and obese women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyi","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxian","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0372","volume":"89","author":"SM Grundy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grundy SM. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2004;89(6):2595\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"1159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016","volume":"113","author":"P Poirier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poirier P, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113(6):898\u2013918.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7121","key":"1159_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05487","volume":"444","author":"LF Van Gaal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006;444(7121):875\u201380.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"1159_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507853347","volume":"99","author":"ML Power","year":"2008","unstructured":"Power ML, Schulkin J. Sex differences in fat storage, fat metabolism, and the health risks from obesity: possible evolutionary origins. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(5):931\u201340.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1159_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2025.119213","volume":"405","author":"JA van Oortmerssen","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Oortmerssen JA, et al. Lipid metabolism in women: A review. Atherosclerosis. 2025;405:119213.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"39","key":"1159_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad472","volume":"44","author":"JE van Roeters","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Roeters JE, et al. Women, lipids, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a call to action from the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(39):4157\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0033-y","volume":"6","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Biology sex differences. 2015;6(1):14.","journal-title":"Biology sex differences"},{"issue":"6","key":"1159_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13003","volume":"84","author":"M Samimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samimi M, et al. Oral carnitine supplementation reduces body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016;84(6):851\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1159_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02659-0","volume":"61","author":"AA Sangouni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sangouni AA, et al. The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on insulin resistance, sex hormone-binding globulin and lipid profile in overweight\/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(3):1199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1159_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.4.681","volume":"135","author":"B Mittendorfer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mittendorfer B. Sexual dimorphism in human lipid metabolism. J Nutr. 2005;135(4):681\u20136.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.027","volume":"241","author":"Y Appelman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Appelman Y, et al. Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors and disease prevention. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(1):211\u20138.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2061","volume":"96","author":"X Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it\u2019s not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(4):885\u201393.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00431-8","volume":"17","author":"GH Goossens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Sexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(1):47\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1159_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebouche CJ. Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl\u2010L\u2010carnitine metabolism. Volume 1033. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 2004:30\u201341. 1.","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1320.003"},{"issue":"7","key":"1159_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2174\/138920011796504536","volume":"12","author":"J Pekala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pekala J, et al. L-carnitine-metabolic functions and meaning in humans life. Curr Drug Metab. 2011;12(7):667\u201378.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"1159_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023","volume":"1863","author":"N Longo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Longo N, Frigeni M, Pasquali M. Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation. Biochim et Biophys acta (BBA)-molecular cell Res. 2016;1863(10):2422\u201335.","journal-title":"Biochim et Biophys acta (BBA)-molecular cell Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1159_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.125799","volume":"581","author":"FB Stephens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Greenhaff PL. New insights concerning the role of carnitine in the regulation of fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2007;581(2):431\u201344.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1159_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzo L et al. The carnitine shuttle links mitochondrial metabolism to histone acetylation and lipogenesis. bioRxiv, 2022:2022.09. 24.509197.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.09.24.509197"},{"key":"1159_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virmani A, et al. The protective role of l-carnitine against neurotoxicity evoked by drug of abuse, methamphetamine, could be related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Volume 965. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 2002:225\u201332. 1.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04164.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26251","volume":"89","author":"M Malaguarnera","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malaguarnera M, et al. L-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(1):71\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1159_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.07.012","volume":"29","author":"M Askarpour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Askarpour M, et al. Efficacy of l-carnitine supplementation for management of blood lipids: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(11):1151\u201367.","journal-title":"Nutr Metabolism Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1159_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214734","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1214734","volume":"10","author":"V Musazadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Musazadeh V, et al. The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adults: An umbrella meta-analysis on interventional meta-analyses. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1214734.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1159_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.34172\/jcvtr.2020.43","volume":"12","author":"O Asbaghi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asbaghi O, et al. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid concentrations inpatients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2020;12(4):246.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Thorac Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1159_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2020.25.2.124","volume":"25","author":"A Abbasnezhad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbasnezhad A, et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profiles of patients with liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Nutr food Sci. 2020;25(2):124.","journal-title":"Prev Nutr food Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000355751","volume":"38","author":"H Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang H, et al. Influence of L-carnitine supplementation on serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2014;38(1):31\u201341.","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res"},{"issue":"30","key":"1159_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190830154336","volume":"25","author":"H Fathizadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fathizadeh H, et al. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Pharm Design. 2019;25(30):3266\u201381.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Design"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.01.020","volume":"39","author":"M Asadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asadi M, et al. The effect of l-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile and glycaemic control in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(1):110\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1159_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2061","volume":"96","author":"X Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it\u2019s not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2011;96(4):885\u201393.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"1159_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"1159_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/89.9.873","volume":"89","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, et al. Reprint\u2014preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Phys Ther. 2009;89(9):873\u201380.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"1159_CR31","first-page":"366","volume":"28","author":"JA Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JA, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;28:366.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1159_CR32","unstructured":"Higgins J. GSe. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version. 2011;5(0)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","volume":"5","author":"SP Hozo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005;5(1):13.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7109","key":"1159_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1159_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duval S. The trim and fill method. Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments, 2005:127\u2013144.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470870168.ch8"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04059-1","volume":"22","author":"F Baghban","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baghban F, et al. The effect of L-Carnitine supplementation on clinical symptoms, C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde in obese women with knee osteoarthritis: a double blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):195.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR37","first-page":"55","volume":"13","author":"A Hassani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hassani A, Ghorbani M. Effects of combined exercises beside consumption of omega-3, l-carnitine supplements on the serum level of irisin, resistance insulin, profile lipid of type 2 diabetic women. J Knowl Health Basic Med Sci. 2018;13(1):55\u201364.","journal-title":"J Knowl Health Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1159_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2015.1068139","volume":"35","author":"A Malek Mahdavi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malek Mahdavi A, Mahdavi R, Kolahi S. Effects of l-Carnitine Supplementation on Serum Inflammatory Factors and Matrix Metalloproteinase Enzymes in Females with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(7):597\u2013603.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1159_CR39","first-page":"63","volume":"31","author":"HA Mosah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mosah HA, et al. Effect of L-carnitine and raspberry ketones on metabolic parameters in Iraqi obese females, a comparative study. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2015;31(2):63\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res"},{"key":"1159_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ALIPOOR B et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on metabolic status in obese diabetic women with hypocaloric diet. 2014;3(1):e14615.","DOI":"10.17795\/jhealthscope-14615"},{"issue":"5","key":"1159_CR41","first-page":"445","volume":"14","author":"M Karimi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karimi M, et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation with or without moderate aerobic training on serum lipid profile and body fat percentage in obese women. Iran J Endocrinol Metabolism. 2013;14(5):445\u201354.","journal-title":"Iran J Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"1159_CR42","first-page":"21","volume":"4","author":"NM Alshammari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alshammari NM. The effects of L-carnitine and physical activity on adipocytokines and lipid profile on obese women. World J Sport Sci. 2011;4:21\u2013.","journal-title":"World J Sport Sci"},{"key":"1159_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509577","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1509577","volume":"11","author":"J Xing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xing J, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates atherosclerosis in LDLR\u2013\/\u2013 mice by modulating cholesterol metabolism through SREBP2-dependent cholesterol biosynthesis. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1509577.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1159_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1988559","volume":"38","author":"D Liao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liao D, et al. Clinical evidence of the effects of carnitine supplementation on body weight, glycemic control and serum lipids in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2022;38(2):110\u20135.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"1159_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172493","volume":"858","author":"A Sheikhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheikhi A, et al. The effects of supplementation with L-carnitine on apolipoproteins: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;858:172493.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1159_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barter PJ, Rye K-A. HDL cholesterol concentration or HDL function: which matters? Oxford University Press; 2017:2487\u20139.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx274"},{"issue":"9753","key":"1159_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61350-5","volume":"376","author":"C Baigent","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baigent C, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet (London England). 2010;376(9753):1670\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"1159_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail AM, et al. RETRACTED: Adding l-carnitine to clomiphene resistant PCOS women improves the quality of ovulation and the pregnancy rate. A randomized clinical trial. Elsevier; 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.06.008"},{"issue":"5","key":"1159_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","volume":"19","author":"RA Koeth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koeth RA, et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2013;19(5):576\u201385.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7341","key":"1159_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","volume":"472","author":"Z Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang Z, et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2011;472(7341):57\u201363.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1159_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","volume":"165","author":"W Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu W, et al. Gut microbial metabolite TMAO enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis risk. Cell. 2016;165(1):111\u201324.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"23","key":"1159_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234244","volume":"16","author":"J Demarquoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demarquoy J. Revisiting the Role of Carnitine in Heart Disease Through the Lens of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2024;16(23):4244.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"1159_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000066415","volume":"11","author":"AO Musaiger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Musaiger AO. Diet and prevention of coronary heart disease in the Arab Middle East countries. Med principles Pract. 2002;11(2):9\u201316.","journal-title":"Med principles Pract"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1159_CR54","first-page":"193","volume":"57","author":"A Mehio Sibai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mehio Sibai A, et al. Nutrition transition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Middle East and North Africa countries: reviewing the evidence. Annals Nutr Metabolism. 2011;57(3\u20134):193\u2013203.","journal-title":"Annals Nutr Metabolism"}],"container-title":["Nutrition &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12986-026-01159-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12986-026-01159-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12986-026-01159-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:01:01Z","timestamp":1788393661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12986-026-01159-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12986-026-01159-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1743-7075"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-7075","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"103"}}