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VCs fail frequently due to tissue obstructing the lumen via the drainage holes. Mechanisms driving obstruction are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the histological features of VC obstructions and identify links to clinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>343 VCs with relevant clinical data were collected from five centers. Each hole on the VCs was classified by degree of tissue obstruction after macroscopic analysis. A subgroup of 54 samples was analyzed using immunofluorescent labelling, histology and immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>61.5% of the 343 VCs analyzed had tissue aggregates occluding at least one hole (n\u2009=\u2009211) however the vast majority of the holes (70%) showed no tissue aggregates. Mean age at which patients with occluded VCs had their first surgeries (3.25 yrs) was lower than in patients with non-occluded VCs (5.29 yrs, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.02). Mean length of time of implantation of occluded VCs, 33.22\u00a0months was greater than for non-occluded VCs, 23.8\u00a0months (p\u2009=\u20090.02). Patients with myelomeningocele had a greater probability of having an occluded VC (p\u2009=\u20090.0426). VCs with occlusions had greater numbers of macrophages and astrocytes in comparison to non-occluded VCs (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Microglia comprised only 2\u20136% of the VC-obstructing tissue aggregates. Histologic analysis showed choroid plexus occlusion in 24%, vascularized glial tissue occlusion in 24%, prevalent lymphocytic inflammation in 29%, and foreign body giant cell reactions in 5% and no ependyma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data show that age of the first surgery and length of time a VC is implanted are factors that influence the degree of VC obstruction. The tissue aggregates obstructing VCs are composed predominantly of astrocytes and macrophages; microglia have a relatively small presence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00262-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1626843787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A multicenter retrospective study of heterogeneous tissue aggregates obstructing ventricular catheters explanted from patients with hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Prashant","family":"Hariharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Sondheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Petroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Gluski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon G.","family":"Rocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neena I.","family":"Marupudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"James P.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Limbrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Del Bigio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9700-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204926","volume":"13","author":"AM Isaacs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Isaacs AM, Riva-Cambrin J, Yavin D, Hockley A, Pringsheim TM, Jette N, et al. 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All participating centers maintain approval with their own ethics body\/IRB for the study and consent form. Informed consent has been obtained for all specimens described in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}