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We hypothesized that intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), and infection (meningitis) promote pro-inflammatory CSF conditions reflected in CSF parameters.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Biochemical and cytological profiles of lumbar CSF and peripheral blood samples were analyzed for 81 control, 29 IVH grade 1\/2 (IVH<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>), 13 IVH grade 3\/4 (IVH<jats:sub>3\/4<\/jats:sub>), 15 PHH, 20 culture-confirmed bacterial meningitis (BM), and 27 viral meningitis (VM) infants at 36.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u00a0weeks estimated gestational age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PHH infants had higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.02) CSF total cell and red blood cell (RBC) counts compared to control, IVH<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>, BM, and VM infants. No differences in white blood cell (WBC) count were found between IVH<jats:sub>3\/4<\/jats:sub>, PHH, BM, and VM infants. CSF neutrophil counts increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.03) for all groups compared to controls except IVH<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>. CSF protein levels were higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.02) and CSF glucose levels were lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.003) for PHH infants compared to all other groups. In peripheral blood, PHH infants had higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001) WBC counts and lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.03) hemoglobin and hematocrit than all groups except for IVH<jats:sub>3\/4<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Similarities in CSF parameters may reflect common pathological processes in the inflammatory response and show the complexity associated with interpreting CSF profiles, especially in PHH and meningitis\/ventriculitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00512-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T09:04:00Z","timestamp":1708506240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pro-inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid profile of neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical relevance and contrast with CNS infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Garcia-Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Yahanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert M.","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Baksh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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