{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:41:16Z","timestamp":1789587676931,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ulla Hamberg Angeby och Lennart Angebys stiftelse","award":["FS-2020:0010; FS-2022:0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-2020:0010; FS-2022:0013"]}]},{"name":"Ulla Hamberg Angeby och Lennart Angebys stiftelse","award":["FS-2020:0010; FS-2022:0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS-2020:0010; FS-2022:0013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"the Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021-01210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["FO190101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO190101"]}]},{"name":"the Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["FO2020-0037; FO2021-0039; FO2023-0047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2020-0037; FO2021-0039; FO2023-0047"]}]},{"name":"the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation","award":["20220354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220354"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006516","name":"Bertil H\u00e5llstens Forskningsstiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids Barriers CNS"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early breach of the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and consequently extravasation of blood-borne substances into the brain parenchyma is a common hallmark of ischemic stroke. Although BBB breakdown is associated with an increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage and poor clinical prognosis, the cause and mechanism of this process are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to establish an imaging and analysis protocol which enables investigation of the dynamics of BBB breach in relation to hemodynamic properties along the arteriovenous axis. Using longitudinal intravital two-photon imaging following photothrombotic induction of ischemic stroke through a cranial window, we were able to study the response of the cerebral vasculature to ischemia, from the early critical hours to the days\/weeks after the infarct. We demonstrate that disruption of the BBB and hemodynamic parameters, including perturbed blood flow, can be studied at single-vessel resolution in the three-dimensional space as early as 30\u00a0min after vessel occlusion. Further, we show that this protocol permits longitudinal studies on the response of individual blood vessels to ischemia over time, thus enabling detection of (maladaptive) vascular remodeling such as intussusception, angiogenic sprouting and entanglement of vessel networks. Taken together, this in vivo two-photon imaging and analysis protocol will be useful in future studies investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms, and the spatial contribution, of BBB breach to disease progression which might ultimately aid the development of new and more precise treatment strategies for ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00537-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1713160929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Analysis of ischemic stroke-mediated effects on blood\u2013brain barrier properties along the arteriovenous axis assessed by intravital two-photon imaging"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jil","family":"Protzmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Jakobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Fredriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"537_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2209\/tdcpublication.49.53","volume":"49","author":"S Abe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abe S, Hiroki E, Iwanuma O, Sakiyama K, Shirakura Y, Hirose D, Shimoo Y, Suzuki M, Ikari Y, Kikuchi R, Ide Y, Yoshinari M. Relationship between function of masticatory muscle in mouse and properties of muscle fibers. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2008;49:53\u20138.","journal-title":"Bull Tokyo Dent Coll"},{"key":"537_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00450-3","volume":"20","author":"B Bell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bell B, Anzi S, Sasson E, Ben-Zvi A. Unique features of the arterial blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2023;20:51.","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"537_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.07.123","volume":"1116","author":"A Benedek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Benedek A, Moricz K, Juranyi Z, Gigler G, Levay G, Harsing LG Jr, Matyus P, Szenasi G, Albert M. Use of TTC staining for the evaluation of tissue injury in the early phases of reperfusion after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 2006;1116:159\u201365.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"537_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12446","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1641-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"E Caballero-Garrido","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caballero-Garrido E, Pena-Philippides JC, Lordkipanidze T, Bragin D, Yang Y, Erhardt EB, Roitbak T. In Vivo Inhibition of miR-155 promotes recovery after experimental mouse stroke. J Neurosci. 2015;35:12446\u201364.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"537_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.23963","volume":"97","author":"A Coste","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coste A, Oktay MH, Condeelis JS, Entenberg D. Intravital imaging techniques for biomedical and clinical research. Cytometry A. 2020;97:448\u201357.","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"537_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.056200","author":"S Daetwyler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daetwyler S, Modes CD, Fiolka R. Fiji plugin for annotating movies with custom arrows. Biol Open. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/bio.056200.","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"537_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","volume":"7","author":"R Daneman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daneman R, Prat A. The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7:a020412.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"537_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687262","volume":"72","author":"WD Dietrich","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dietrich WD, Watson BD, Busto R, Ginsberg MD, Bethea JR. Photochemically induced cerebral infarction: i. early microvascular alterations. Acta Neuropathol. 1987;72:315\u201325.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"537_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2016.00006","volume":"10","author":"A Dubbs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dubbs A, Guevara J, Yuste R. Moco: fast motion correction for calcium imaging. Front Neuroinform. 2016;10:6.","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"537_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","volume":"17","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, Martins S, Sacco RL, Hacke W, Fisher M, Pandian J, Lindsay P. World stroke organization (WSO): global stroke fact sheet 2022. Int J Stroke. 2022;17:18\u201329.","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"537_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.028992","volume":"51","author":"C Flach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flach C, Muruet W, Wolfe CDA, Bhalla A, Douiri A. Risk and secondary prevention of stroke recurrence: a population-base cohort study. Stroke. 2020;51:2435\u201344.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"537_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-166494","volume":"140","author":"A Goncalves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goncalves A, Su EJ, Muthusamy A, Zeitelhofer M, Torrente D, Nilsson I, Protzmann J, Fredriksson L, Eriksson U, Antonetti DA, Lawrence DA. Thrombolytic tPA-induced hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke is mediated by PKCbeta phosphorylation of occludin. Blood. 2022;140:388\u2013400.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"537_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.89","volume":"4","author":"A Holtmaat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holtmaat A, Bonhoeffer T, Chow DK, Chuckowree J, De Paola V, Hofer SB, Hubener M, Keck T, Knott G, Lee WC, Mostany R, Mrsic-Flogel TD, Nedivi E, Portera-Cailliau C, Svoboda K, Trachtenberg JT, Wilbrecht L. Long-term, high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window. Nat Protoc. 2009;4:1128\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"537_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00236","volume":"12","author":"F Ju","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ju F, Ran Y, Zhu L, Cheng X, Gao H, Xi X, Yang Z, Zhang S. Increased BBB permeability enhances activation of microglia and exacerbates loss of dendritic spines after transient global cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018;12:236.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"537_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1990-2_5","volume":"2431","author":"J Knabbe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Knabbe J, Protzmann J, Kuner T. In Vivo imaging of axonal organelle transport in the mouse brain. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2431:95\u2013109.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"537_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2122477119","volume":"119","author":"J Knabbe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Knabbe J, Protzmann J, Schneider N, Berger M, Dannehl D, Wei S, Strahle C, Tegtmeier M, Jaiswal A, Zheng H, Kruger M, Rohr K, Spanagel R, Bilbao A, Engelhardt M, Scholz H, Cambridge SB. Single-dose ethanol intoxication causes acute and lasting neuronal changes in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119: e2122477119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"537_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.003","volume":"82","author":"D Knowland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Knowland D, Arac A, Sekiguchi KJ, Hsu M, Lutz SE, Perrino J, Steinberg GK, Barres BA, Nimmerjahn A, Agalliu D. Stepwise recruitment of transcellular and paracellular pathways underlies blood-brain barrier breakdown in stroke. Neuron. 2014;82:603\u201317.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"537_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16670922","volume":"37","author":"M Krueger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krueger M, H\u00e4rtig W, Frydrychowicz C, Mueller WC, Reichenbach A, Bechmann I, Michalski D. Stroke-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown along the vascular tree\u2014No preferential affection of arteries in different animal models and in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017;37:2539\u201354.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"537_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20199","volume":"56","author":"LL Latour","year":"2004","unstructured":"Latour LL, Kang DW, Ezzeddine MA, Chalela JA, Warach S. Early blood-brain barrier disruption in human focal brain ischemia. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:468\u201377.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"537_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24151","volume":"70","author":"J Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee J, Kim JG, Hong S, Kim YS, Ahn S, Kim R, Chun H, Park KD, Jeong Y, Kim DE, Lee CJ, Ku T, Kim P. Longitudinal intravital imaging of cerebral microinfarction reveals a dynamic astrocyte reaction leading to glial scar formation. Glia. 2022;70:975\u201388.","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"537_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2022-0127","volume":"34","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Wu X, Fu Y, Nie H, Tang Z. Two-photon microscopy: application advantages and latest progress for in vivo imaging of neurons and blood vessels after ischemic stroke. Rev Neurosci. 2023;34:559\u201372.","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"537_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr390","volume":"27","author":"MH Longair","year":"2011","unstructured":"Longair MH, Baker DA, Armstrong JD. Simple neurite tracer: open source software for reconstruction, visualization and analysis of neuronal processes. Bioinformatics. 2011;27:2453\u20134.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"537_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12458","volume":"27","author":"C Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo C, Liang F, Ren H, Yao X, Liu Q, Li M, Qin D, Yuan TF, Pei Z, Su H. Collateral blood flow in different cerebrovascular hierarchy provides endogenous protection in cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol. 2017;27:809\u201321.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"537_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01398.x","volume":"164","author":"IM Macrae","year":"2011","unstructured":"Macrae IM. Preclinical stroke research\u2013advantages and disadvantages of the most common rodent models of focal ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;164:1062\u201378.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"537_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067691","volume":"8","author":"H Matsushita","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matsushita H, Hijioka M, Hisatsune A, Isohama Y, Iwamoto S, Terasawa H, Katsuki H. MRI-based analysis of intracerebral hemorrhage in mice reveals relationship between hematoma expansion and the severity of symptoms. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e67691.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"537_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008147","volume":"46","author":"A Renu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Renu A, Amaro S, Laredo C, Roman LS, Llull L, Lopez A, Urra X, Blasco J, Oleaga L, Chamorro A. Relevance of blood-brain barrier disruption after endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke: dual-energy computed tomographic study. Stroke. 2015;46:673\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"537_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47324","author":"M Roche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roche M, Chaigneau E, Rungta RL, Boido D, Weber B, Charpak S. In vivo imaging with a water immersion objective affects brain temperature, blood flow and oxygenation. Elife. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.47324.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"537_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.197","volume":"32","author":"GA Rosenberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosenberg GA. Neurological diseases in relation to the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32:1139\u201351.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"537_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000150593.30324.42","volume":"95","author":"M Rubart","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rubart M. Two-photon microscopy of cells and tissue. Circ Res. 2004;95:1154\u201366.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"537_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987317753444","volume":"3","author":"AS Rudberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rudberg AS, Berge E, Gustavsson A, Nasman P, Lundstrom E. Long-term health-related quality of life, survival and costs by different levels of functional outcome six months after stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2018;3:157\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"537_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6959","volume":"309","author":"JL Saver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saver JL, Fonarow GC, Smith EE, Reeves MJ, Grau-Sepulveda MV, Pan W, Olson DM, Hernandez AF, Peterson ED, Schwamm LH. Time to treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and outcome from acute ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2013;309:2480\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"537_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000339675","volume":"34","author":"RC Seet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seet RC, Rabinstein AA. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage following intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: a critical review of case definitions. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34:106\u201314.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"537_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1749-z","volume":"134","author":"EJ Su","year":"2017","unstructured":"Su EJ, Cao C, Fredriksson L, Nilsson I, Stefanitsch C, Stevenson TK, Zhao J, Ragsdale M, Sun YY, Yepes M, Kuan CY, Eriksson U, Strickland DK, Lawrence DA, Zhang L. Microglial-mediated PDGF-CC activation increases cerebrovascular permeability during ischemic stroke. Acta Neuropathol. 2017;134:585\u2013604.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"537_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1787","volume":"14","author":"EJ Su","year":"2008","unstructured":"Su EJ, Fredriksson L, Geyer M, Folestad E, Cale J, Andrae J, Gao Y, Pietras K, Mann K, Yepes M, Strickland DK, Betsholtz C, Eriksson U, Lawrence DA. Activation of PDGF-CC by tissue plasminogen activator impairs blood-brain barrier integrity during ischemic stroke. Nat Med. 2008;14:731\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"537_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00050.2017","volume":"99","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back. Physiol Rev. 2019;99:21\u201378.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"537_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-022-00992-y","volume":"13","author":"D Torrente","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torrente D, Su EJ, Fredriksson L, Warnock M, Bushart D, Mann KM, Emal CD, Lawrence DA. \u2019Compartmentalized actions of the plasminogen activator inhibitors, PAI-1 and Nsp. Ischemic Stroke\u2019, Transl Stroke Res. 2022;13:801\u201315.","journal-title":"Ischemic Stroke', Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"537_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25739","volume":"554","author":"M Vanlandewijck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vanlandewijck M, He L, M\u00e4e MA, Andrae J, Ando K, Del Gaudio F, Nahar K, Lebouvier T, Lavi\u00f1a B, Gouveia L, Sun Y, Raschperger E, R\u00e4s\u00e4nen M, Zarb Y, Mochizuki N, Keller A, Lendahl U, Betsholtz C. A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature. Nature. 2018;554:475\u201380.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"537_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28770-7","volume":"8","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, Jin Y, Lavina B, Jakobsson L. Characterization of multi-cellular dynamics of angiogenesis and vascular remodelling by intravital imaging of the wounded mouse cornea. Sci Rep. 2018;8:10672.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"537_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170513","volume":"17","author":"BD Watson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Watson BD, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Wachtel MS, Ginsberg MD. Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis. Ann Neurol. 1985;17:497\u2013504.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"537_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132813Y.0000000250","volume":"35","author":"HY Wey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wey HY, Desai VR, Duong TQ. A review of current imaging methods used in stroke research. Neurol Res. 2013;35:1092\u2013102.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"537_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1464-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"MR Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson MR, Franzen RL, Fuertes CJA, Dunn AK, Drew MR, Jones TA. A Window of vascular plasticity coupled to behavioral recovery after stroke. J Neurosci. 2020;40:7651\u201367.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"537_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109048","volume":"35","author":"MR Williamson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williamson MR, Fuertes CJA, Dunn AK, Drew MR, Jones TA. Reactive astrocytes facilitate vascular repair and remodeling after stroke. Cell Rep. 2021;35: 109048.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"537_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.608257","volume":"42","author":"Y Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang Y, Rosenberg GA. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 2011;42:3323\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"537_CR44","first-page":"81","volume":"2","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yang Y, Sun H, Xing Y. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction: current concepts and challenges. Ann Transl Med. 2014;2:81.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Fluids and Barriers of the CNS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12987-024-00537-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12987-024-00537-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12987-024-00537-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T06:12:08Z","timestamp":1718086328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fluidsbarrierscns.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12987-024-00537-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-024-00537-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Animal experiments in this study were approved and performed in accordance with the guidelines from the Swedish National Board for Laboratory Animals and the European Community Council Directive (86\/609\/EEC). The ethical permits N236-15 and 14960-2020 were approved by the North Stockholm Animal Ethics Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35"}}