{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:54:24Z","timestamp":1790351664112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Surgeon General, Medical Corps, of the Israel Defense Forces"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids Barriers CNS"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hyperbaric oxygen has been used as a medical treatment tool in hyperbaric chambers and is an integral part of professional and combat divers\u2019 activity. In extreme cases, exposure to hyperbaric oxygen can develop central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT), which leads to seizures and eventually death. CNS-OT is caused by neuronal hyperactivity due to high oxygen levels, potentially damaging brain cells including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the effect of hyperbaric oxygen levels on the healthy BBB has not been characterized directly yet.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Six or three different groups of ~\u2009eight rats or mice, respectively, were exposed to increasing levels of partial pressure of oxygen (0.21 to 5 ATA) in a hyperbaric chamber, followed by MRI scanning with gadolinium. Statistical significance (<jats:italic>adjusted p-value\u2009\u2264\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>) was assessed using linear regression and ordinary one-way (rats) or two-way (mice) ANOVA with correction of multiple comparison tests. In rats, the effect of 100% oxygen at 5 ATA was independently validated using FITC-Dextran (5\u00a0kDa). Statistical significance (<jats:italic>p-value\u2009\u2264\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>) was assessed using Welch\u2019s t-test and effect size was calculated by Cohen\u2019s D.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In rats, analyzed MRI scans showed a significant trend of increase in the % gadolinium in brain tissues as a result of hyperbaric oxygen pressures (<jats:italic>p-value\u2009=\u20090.0079<\/jats:italic>). The most significant increase was measured at 4 ATA compared to air (<jats:italic>adjusted p-value\u2009=\u20090.0461<\/jats:italic>). Significant increased FITC-Dextran levels were measured in the rats\u2019 brains under 100% oxygen at 5 ATA <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> air (<jats:italic>p-value\u2009=\u20090.0327;<\/jats:italic> Effect size\u2009=\u20092.0). In mice, a significant increase in gadolinium penetration into the hippocampus and frontal cortex was measured over time (<jats:italic>adjusted p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>) under 100% oxygen at 3 and 5 ATA <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> air, and between the treatments (<jats:italic>adjusted p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The BBB is increasingly disrupted due to higher levels of hyperbaric oxygen in rodents, indicating a direct relation between hyperbaric oxygen and BBB dysregulation for the first time. We suggest considering this risk in different diving activities, and protocols using a hyperbaric chamber. On the other hand, this study highlights the potential therapeutic usage of hyperbaric oxygen for controlled drug delivery through the BBB into brain tissues in different brain-related diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00543-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T11:02:13Z","timestamp":1715857333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exposure to hyperbaric O2 levels leads to blood-brain barrier breakdown in rodents"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yehuda M.","family":"Danino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricarina","family":"Rabinovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inbar","family":"Kirshenboim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eilam","family":"Palzur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaim G.","family":"Pick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itamar","family":"Ish-Shalom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"Golovkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Arieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008599","volume":"46","author":"J Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang J, Qi Z, Liu W, Wang P, Shi W, Dong W, et al. 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