{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:30:36Z","timestamp":1792074636069,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RP200572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP200572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids Barriers CNS"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-025-00685-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T12:52:33Z","timestamp":1753275153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assessing blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model: is the BBB globally or locally disrupted?"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Nozohouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behnam","family":"Noorani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhavalkumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeseul","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaih","family":"Zoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"685_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199809000-00010","volume":"12","author":"Z Nagy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nagy Z, Esiri MM, Joachim C, Jobst KA, Morris JH, King EM, Hindley NJ, McDonald B, Litchfield S, Barnetson L, Smith AD. Comparison of pathological diagnostic criteria for alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1998;12:182\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00002093-199809000-00010.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"685_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm.1997.378.9.937","volume":"378","author":"MM Verbeek","year":"1997","unstructured":"Verbeek MM, Ruiter DJ, de Waal RM. The role of amyloid in the pathogenesis of alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biol Chem. 1997;378:937\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bchm.1997.378.9.937.","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"685_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.46.6.1592","volume":"46","author":"RJ Ellis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ellis RJ, Olichney JM, Thal LJ, Mirra SS, Morris JC, Beekly D, Heyman A. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the brains of patients with alzheimer\u2019s disease: the CERAD experience, part XV. Neurology. 1996;46:1592\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.46.6.1592.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"685_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000486091","volume":"44","author":"K Matsuo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matsuo K, Shindo A, Niwa A, Tabei KI, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Akiyama H, Ayaki T, Maki T, Sawamoto N, et al. Complement activation in capillary cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2017;44:343\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000486091.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"685_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.18.2.311","volume":"18","author":"HV Vinters","year":"1987","unstructured":"Vinters HV. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. A critical review. Stroke. 1987;18:311\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.18.2.311.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"685_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300503","volume":"30","author":"JP Vonsattel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vonsattel JP, Myers RH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Ropper AH, Bird ED, Richardson EP Jr. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy without and with cerebral hemorrhages: a comparative histological study. Ann Neurol. 1991;30:637\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410300503.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"685_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12005","volume":"23","author":"M Zabel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zabel M, Schrag M, Crofton A, Tung S, Beaufond P, Van Ornam J, Dininni A, Vinters HV, Coppola G, Kirsch WM. A shift in microglial beta-amyloid binding in alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain Pathol. 2013;23:390\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bpa.12005.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"685_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13542","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4686-08.2008","volume":"28","author":"BH Han","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han BH, Zhou ML, Abousaleh F, Brendza RP, Dietrich HH, Koenigsknecht-Talboo J, Cirrito JR, Milner E, Holtzman DM, Zipfel GJ. Cerebrovascular dysfunction in amyloid precursor protein Transgenic mice: contribution of soluble and insoluble amyloid-beta peptide, partial restoration via gamma-secretase Inhibition. J Neurosci. 2008;28:13542\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4686-08.2008.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"685_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3734","volume":"20","author":"FC Maier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maier FC, Wehrl HF, Schmid AM, Mannheim JG, Wiehr S, Lerdkrai C, Calaminus C, Stahlschmidt A, Ye L, Burnet M, et al. Longitudinal PET-MRI reveals beta-amyloid deposition and rCBF dynamics and connects vascular amyloidosis to quantitative loss of perfusion. Nat Med. 2014;20:1485\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3734.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"685_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30029-1","volume":"15","author":"Z Arvanitakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arvanitakis Z, Capuano AW, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Relation of cerebral vessel disease to alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:934\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30029-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"685_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.135","volume":"33","author":"MA Erickson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erickson MA, Banks WA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a cause and consequence of alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33:1500\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.135.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"685_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.032","volume":"85","author":"A Montagne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montagne A, Barnes SR, Sweeney MD, Halliday MR, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, Toga AW, Jacobs RE, Liu CY, Amezcua L, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus. Neuron. 2015;85:296\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.032.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"685_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.43","volume":"31","author":"N Nicolakakis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nicolakakis N, Hamel E. Neurovascular function in alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and experimental models. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31:1354\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.43.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"685_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","volume":"14","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:133\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"685_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt188","volume":"136","author":"JB Toledo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Toledo JB, Arnold SE, Raible K, Brettschneider J, Xie SX, Grossman M, Monsell SE, Kukull WA, Trojanowski JQ. Contribution of cerebrovascular disease in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative disease cases in the National alzheimer\u2019s coordinating centre. Brain. 2013;136:2697\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awt188.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"685_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y","volume":"25","author":"DA Nation","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nation DA, Sweeney MD, Montagne A, Sagare AP, D\u2019Orazio LM, Pachicano M, Sepehrband F, Nelson AR, Buennagel DP, Harrington MG, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction. Nat Med. 2019;25:270\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"685_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152244","volume":"281","author":"HJ van de Haar","year":"2016","unstructured":"van de Haar HJ, Burgmans S, Jansen JF, van Osch MJ, van Buchem MA, Muller M, Hofman PA, Verhey FR, Backes WH. Blood-Brain barrier leakage in patients with early alzheimer disease. Radiology. 2016;281:527\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2016152244.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"685_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000017248","volume":"11","author":"L Bronge","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bronge L, Wahlund LO. White matter lesions in dementia: an MRI study on blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000;11:263\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000017248.","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"685_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02279767","volume":"240","author":"L Frolich","year":"1991","unstructured":"Frolich L, Kornhuber J, Ihl R, Fritze J, Maurer K, Riederer P. Integrity of the blood-CSF barrier in dementia of alzheimer type: csf\/serum ratios of albumin and IgG. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;240:363\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02279767.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"685_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(87)90053-4","volume":"8","author":"AD Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay AD, May C, Papadopoulos NM, Costello R, Atack JR, Luxenberg JS, Cutler NR, Rapoport SI. CSF and serum concentrations of albumin and IgG in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 1987;8:21\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0197-4580(87)90053-4.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"685_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00693782","volume":"73","author":"I Alafuzoff","year":"1987","unstructured":"Alafuzoff I, Adolfsson R, Grundke-Iqbal I, Winblad B. Blood-brain barrier in alzheimer dementia and in non-demented elderly. An immunocytochemical study. Acta Neuropathol. 1987;73:160\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00693782.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"685_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04940.x","volume":"84","author":"P Mecocci","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mecocci P, Parnetti L, Reboldi GP, Santucci C, Gaiti A, Ferri C, Gernini I, Romagnoli M, Cadini D, Senin U. Blood-brain-barrier in a geriatric population: barrier function in degenerative and vascular dementias. Acta Neurol Scand. 1991;84:210\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04940.x.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"685_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb26848.x","volume":"396","author":"HM Wisniewski","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wisniewski HM, Kozlowski PB. Evidence for blood-brain barrier changes in senile dementia of the alzheimer type (SDAT). Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;396:119\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb26848.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"685_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48468.x","volume":"826","author":"HM Wisniewski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wisniewski HM, Vorbrodt AW, Wegiel J. Amyloid angiopathy and blood-brain barrier changes in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;826:161\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48468.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"685_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(88)80085-x","volume":"9","author":"JM Rozemuller","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rozemuller JM, Eikelenboom P, Kamphorst W, Stam FC. Lack of evidence for dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier in alzheimer\u2019s disease: an immunohistochemical study. Neurobiol Aging. 1988;9:383\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0197-4580(88)80085-x.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"685_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.27.11.2069","volume":"27","author":"H Tomimoto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tomimoto H, Akiguchi I, Suenaga T, Nishimura M, Wakita H, Nakamura S, Kimura J. Alterations of the blood-brain barrier and glial cells in white-matter lesions in cerebrovascular and alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Stroke. 1996;27:2069\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.27.11.2069.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"685_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48469.x","volume":"826","author":"DG Munoz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Munoz DG, Erkinjuntti T, Gaytan-Garcia S, Hachinski V. Serum protein leakage in alzheimer\u2019s disease revisited. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;826:173\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48469.x.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"685_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.002","volume":"128","author":"S Gustafsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gustafsson S, Lindstrom V, Ingelsson M, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvanen S. Intact blood-brain barrier transport of small molecular drugs in animal models of amyloid beta and alpha-synuclein pathology. Neuropharmacology. 2018;128:482\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.002.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"685_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.110.033324","volume":"38","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheng Z, Zhang J, Liu H, Li Y, Zhao Y, Yang E. Central nervous system penetration for small molecule therapeutic agents does not increase in multiple sclerosis- and alzheimer\u2019s disease-related animal models despite reported blood-brain barrier disruption. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010;38:1355\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/dmd.110.033324.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"685_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.07.027","volume":"85","author":"DC Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta DC, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Reduced CNS exposure of memantine in a triple Transgenic mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease assessed using a novel LC-MS technique. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2013;85:198\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.07.027.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"685_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-013-1116-2","volume":"30","author":"DC Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta DC, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Altered brain uptake of therapeutics in a triple Transgenic mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease. Pharm Res. 2013;30:2868\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-013-1116-2.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"685_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.036","volume":"88","author":"N Bien-Ly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bien-Ly N, Boswell CA, Jeet S, Beach TG, Hoyte K, Luk W, Shihadeh V, Ulufatu S, Foreman O, Lu Y, et al. Lack of widespread BBB disruption in alzheimer\u2019s disease models: focus on therapeutic antibodies. Neuron. 2015;88:289\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.036.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"685_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.09.001","volume":"143","author":"S Gustafsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gustafsson S, Gustavsson T, Roshanbin S, Hultqvist G, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Sehlin D, Syvanen S. Blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease with or without acute 3D6 immunotherapy. Neuropharmacology. 2018;143:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.09.001.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"685_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-024-03735-w","volume":"41","author":"E Nozohouri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nozohouri E, Ahn Y, Zoubi S, Patel D, Archie SR, Akter KA, Siddique MB, Huang J, Abbruscato TJ, Bickel U. The acute impact of Propofol on Blood-Brain barrier integrity in mice. Pharm Res. 2024;41:1599\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11095-024-03735-w.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"685_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.3c00592","volume":"10","author":"AG Kreutzer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kreutzer AG, Parrocha CMT, Haerianardakani S, Guaglianone G, Nguyen JT, Diab MN, Yong W, Perez-Rosendahl M, Head E, Nowick JS. Antibodies Raised against an Abeta oligomer mimic recognize pathological features in alzheimer\u2019s disease and associated Amyloid-Disease brain tissue. ACS Cent Sci. 2024;10:104\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscentsci.3c00592.","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"685_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.02.011","volume":"106","author":"MK Miah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miah MK, Chowdhury EA, Bickel U, Mehvar R. Evaluation of [14\u00a0C] and [13\u00a0C]Sucrose as Blood-Brain barrier permeability markers. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106:1659\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.02.011.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"685_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90577-x","volume":"462","author":"QR Smith","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smith QR, Ziylan YZ, Robinson PJ, Rapoport SI. Kinetics and distribution volumes for tracers of different sizes in the brain plasma space. Brain Res. 1988;462:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90577-x.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"685_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490160411","volume":"16","author":"E Preston","year":"1986","unstructured":"Preston E, Haas N. Defining the lower limits of blood-brain barrier permeability: factors affecting the magnitude and interpretation of permeability-area products. J Neurosci Res. 1986;16:709\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.490160411.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"685_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1995.11719399","volume":"18","author":"LD Prockop","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prockop LD, Naidu KA, Binard JE, Ransohoff J. Selective permeability of [3H]-D-mannitol and [14\u00a0C]-carboxyl-inulin across the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier in the rabbit. J Spinal Cord Med. 1995;18:221\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.1995.11719399.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"685_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(91)90062-u","volume":"13","author":"M Ueno","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ueno M, Akiguchi I, Naiki H, Fujibayashi Y, Fukuyama H, Kimura J, Kameyama M, Takeda T. The persistence of high uptake of serum albumin in the olfactory bulbs of mice throughout their adult lives. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1991;13:201\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-4943(91)90062-u.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"685_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01462293","volume":"105","author":"M Ueno","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ueno M, Dobrogowska DH, Vorbrodt AW. Immunocytochemical evaluation of the blood-brain barrier to endogenous albumin in the olfactory bulb and Pons of senescence-accelerated mice (SAM). Histochem Cell Biol. 1996;105:203\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01462293.","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"685_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2013.22.2.84","volume":"22","author":"JE Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee JE, Han PL. An update of animal models of alzheimer disease with a Reevaluation of plaque depositions. Exp Neurobiol. 2013;22:84\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5607\/en.2013.22.2.84.","journal-title":"Exp Neurobiol"},{"key":"685_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.110163","volume":"54","author":"A Snellman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snellman A, Lopez-Picon FR, Rokka J, Salmona M, Forloni G, Scheinin M, Solin O, Rinne JO, Haaparanta-Solin M. Longitudinal amyloid imaging in mouse brain with 11\u00a0C-PIB: comparison of APP23, Tg2576, and APPswe-PS1dE9 mouse models of alzheimer disease. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:1434\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.112.110163.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"685_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2012.44.8.056","volume":"44","author":"TK Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim TK, Lee JE, Park SK, Lee KW, Seo JS, Im JY, Kim ST, Lee JY, Kim YH, Lee JK, Han PL. Analysis of differential plaque depositions in the brains of Tg2576 and Tg-APPswe\/PS1dE9 Transgenic mouse models of alzheimer disease. Exp Mol Med. 2012;44:492\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3858\/emm.2012.44.8.056.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"685_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161027","volume":"56","author":"P Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu P, Reichl JH, Rao ER, McNellis BM, Huang ES, Hemmy LS, Forster CL, Kuskowski MA, Borchelt DR, Vassar R, et al. Quantitative comparison of Dense-Core amyloid plaque accumulation in amyloid-beta protein precursor Transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;56:743\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-161027.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"685_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24555","volume":"527","author":"JD Whitesell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whitesell JD, Buckley AR, Knox JE, Kuan L, Graddis N, Pelos A, Mukora A, Wakeman W, Bohn P, Ho A, et al. Whole brain imaging reveals distinct Spatial patterns of amyloid beta deposition in three mouse models of alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Comp Neurol. 2019;527:2122\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.24555.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"685_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023789","volume":"6","author":"KE Biron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Biron KE, Dickstein DL, Gopaul R, Jefferies WA. Amyloid triggers extensive cerebral angiogenesis causing blood brain barrier permeability and hypervascularity in alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e23789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0023789.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"685_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.627562","volume":"43","author":"AM Hartz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hartz AM, Bauer B, Soldner EL, Wolf A, Boy S, Backhaus R, Mihaljevic I, Bogdahn U, Klunemann HH, Schuierer G, Schlachetzki F. Amyloid-beta contributes to blood-brain barrier leakage in Transgenic human amyloid precursor protein mice and in humans with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke. 2012;43:514\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.627562.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"685_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1500472","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500472","volume":"1","author":"J Keaney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keaney J, Walsh DM, O\u2019Malley T, Hudson N, Crosbie DE, Loftus T, Sheehan F, McDaid J, Humphries MM, Callanan JJ, et al. Autoregulated paracellular clearance of amyloid-beta across the blood-brain barrier. Sci Adv. 2015;1:e1500472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.1500472.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"685_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3966","volume":"18","author":"EA Winkler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Winkler EA, Nishida Y, Sagare AP, Rege SV, Bell RD, Perlmutter D, Sengillo JD, Hillman S, Kong P, Nelson AR, et al. GLUT1 reductions exacerbate alzheimer\u2019s disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Nat Neurosci. 2015;18:521\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3966.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"685_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mn.7800212","volume":"10","author":"M Ujiie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ujiie M, Dickstein DL, Carlow DA, Jefferies WA. Blood-brain barrier permeability precedes senile plaque formation in an alzheimer disease model. Microcirculation. 2003;10:463\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.mn.7800212.","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"685_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64053-9","volume":"158","author":"R Christie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Christie R, Yamada M, Moskowitz M, Hyman B. Structural and functional disruption of vascular smooth muscle cells in a Transgenic mouse model of amyloid angiopathy. Am J Pathol. 2001;158:1065\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64053-9.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"685_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006078","volume":"45","author":"E Milner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Milner E, Zhou ML, Johnson AW, Vellimana AK, Greenberg JK, Holtzman DM, Han BH, Zipfel GJ. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy increases susceptibility to infarction after focal cerebral ischemia in Tg2576 mice. Stroke. 2014;45:3064\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006078.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"685_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089005","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1089005","volume":"15","author":"O Zhukov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhukov O, He C, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cai C, Lauritzen AD, Aldana BI, Bjorkqvist M, Lauritzen M, Kucharz K. Preserved blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling in female 5xFAD model of alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1089005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1089005.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Fluids and Barriers of the CNS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00685-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00685-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00685-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T12:52:34Z","timestamp":1753275154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fluidsbarrierscns.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00685-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00685-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"79"}}