{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:42:16Z","timestamp":1791380536809,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fluids Barriers CNS"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-025-00735-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T14:59:12Z","timestamp":1767106752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Measuring CSF net velocity in the human subarachnoid space with 7T MRI: testing the classical view of CSF absorption"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"E. C.","family":"van der Voort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C. E.","family":"van der Plas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. W. J. M.","family":"Gosselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. J. M.","family":"Zwanenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"735_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spector R, Robert Snodgrass S, Johanson CE. A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: focus on adult humans. Exp Neurol. 2015;273:57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2015.07.027.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2015.07.027"},{"key":"735_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brinker T, Stopa E, Morrison J, & Klinge P. A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2014;11(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-11-10.","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-10"},{"key":"735_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spector R, Keep RF, Robert Snodgrass S, Smith QR, Johanson CE. A balanced view of choroid plexus structure and function: focus on adult humans. Exp Neurol. 2015;267:78\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2015.02.032.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2015.02.032"},{"key":"735_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daouk J, Bouzerar R, Baledent O. Heart rate and respiration influence on macroscopic blood and CSF flows. Acta Radiol. 2017;58(8):977\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185116676655.","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185116676655"},{"key":"735_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Joseph AA, Merboldt K-D, Ludwig X-C, G\u00e4rtner J, Frahm XJ. Inspiration Is the Major Regulator of Human CSF Flow; 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3246-14.2015.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3246-14.2015"},{"key":"735_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fultz NE, Bonmassar G, Setsompop K, Stickgold RA, Rosen BR, Polimeni JR, Lewis LD. Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep. Sci (new Y, N.Y.). 2019;366(6465):628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAX5440.","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAX5440"},{"key":"735_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mestre H, Tithof J, Du T, Song W, Peng W, Sweeney AM, Olveda G, Thomas JH, Nedergaard M, Kelley DH. Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension. Nat Commun. 2018 2018;9:1, 9(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-07318-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07318-3"},{"key":"735_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Veluw SJ, Hou SS, Calvo-Rodriguez M, Arbel-Ornath M, Snyder AC, Frosch MP, Greenberg SM, Bacskai BJ. Vasomotion as a driving force for paravascular clearance in the awake mouse brain. Neuron. 2020;105(3):549\u201361.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEURON.2019.10.033.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEURON.2019.10.033"},{"key":"735_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams SD, Setzer B, Fultz NE, Valdiviezo Z, Tacugue N, Diamandis Z, Lewis LD. Neural activity induced by sensory stimulation can drive large-scale cerebrospinal fluid flow during wakefulness in humans. PLoS Biol. 2023;21(3):e3002035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PBIO.3002035.","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PBIO.3002035"},{"key":"735_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamada S, Miyazaki M, Yamashita Y, Ouyang C, Yui M, Nakahashi M, Shimizu S, Aoki I, Morohoshi Y, McComb JG. Influence of respiration on cerebrospinal fluid movement using magnetic resonance spin labeling. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2013;10(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-10-36.","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-10-36"},{"key":"735_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smets NG, Strijkers GJ, Vinje V, Bakker ENTP. Cerebrospinal fluid turnover as a driver of brain clearance. NMR Biomed. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/NBM.5029.","DOI":"10.1002\/NBM.5029"},{"key":"735_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brodbelt A, Stoodley M. CSF pathways: a review. Br J Neurosurg. 2007;21(5):510\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688690701447420.","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690701447420"},{"key":"735_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Mechanisms of fluid movement into, through and out of the brain: evaluation of the evidence. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2014;11(1):1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-11-26.","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-26"},{"key":"735_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 D, Rado\u0161 M, Klarica M. New concepts of cerebrospinal fluid physiology and development of hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2017;52(6):417\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000452169.","DOI":"10.1159\/000452169"},{"key":"735_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petitclerc L, Hirschler L, Wells JA, Thomas DL, van Walderveen MAA, van Buchem MA, van Osch MJP. Ultra-long-TE arterial spin labeling reveals rapid and brain-wide blood-to-CSF water transport in humans. NeuroImage. 2021;245:118755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2021.118755.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2021.118755"},{"key":"735_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Proulx ST. Cerebrospinal fluid outflow: a review of the historical and contemporary evidence for arachnoid villi, perineural routes, and dural lymphatics. Cellular Mol Life Sci 2021. 2021;78:6, 78(6):2429\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00018-020-03706-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/S00018-020-03706-5"},{"key":"735_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rado\u0161 M, \u017divko M, Peri\u0161a A, Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 D, Klarica M. No arachnoid granulations-no problems: number, size, and distribution of arachnoid granulations from birth to 80 years of age. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNAGI.2021.698865.","DOI":"10.3389\/FNAGI.2021.698865"},{"key":"735_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Lin Z, Liu C, Bai R, Wu D, Yang J. Glymphatic imaging in pediatrics. J Magnetic Reson Imag. 2024;59(5):1523\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JMRI.29040.","DOI":"10.1002\/JMRI.29040"},{"issue":"2","key":"735_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/PHYSREV.00031.2020","volume":"102","author":"MK Rasmussen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rasmussen MK, Mestre H, Nedergaard M. Fluid transport in the brain. Physiol Rev. 2022;102(2):1025\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/PHYSREV.00031.2020.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"735_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000341217","volume":"12","author":"Y Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu Y, Barton HA, Leung L, Zhang L, Hajos-Korcsok E, Nolan CE, Liu J, Becker SL, Wood KM, Robshaw AE, Taylor CK, O\u2019Neill BT, Brodney MA, Riddell D. Cerebrospinal fluid \u03b2-amyloid turnover in the mouse, dog, monkey and human evaluated by systematic quantitative analyses. Neurodegenerative Dis. 2013;12(1):36\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000341217.","journal-title":"Neurodegenerative Dis"},{"key":"735_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/NBM.5159","author":"MJP van Osch","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Osch MJP, W\u00e5hlin A, Scheyhing P, Mossige I, Hirschler L, Eklund A, Mogensen K, Gomolka R, Radbruch A, Qvarlander S, Decker A, Nedergaard M, Mori Y, Eide PK, Deike K, Ringstad G. Human brain clearance imaging: pathways taken by magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents after administration in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. NMR Biomed. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/NBM.5159.","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"735_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1148\/RADIOLOGY.163.3.3575734","volume":"163","author":"DA Feinberg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Feinberg DA, Mark AS. Human brain motion and cerebrospinal fluid circulation demonstrated with mr velocity imaging. Radiology. 1987;163(3):793\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/RADIOLOGY.163.3.3575734.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"735_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/JMRI.26181","volume":"49","author":"JM Spijkerman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spijkerman JM, Geurts LJ, Siero JCW, Hendrikse J, Luijten PR, Zwanenburg JJM. Phase contrast mri measurements of net cerebrospinal fluid flow through the cerebral aqueduct are confounded by respiration. J Magn Reson Imag. 2019;49(2):433\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JMRI.26181.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imag"},{"key":"735_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van der Voort EC, van der Plas MCE, Zwanenburg JJM. Assessing the feasibility of a new approach to measure the full spectrum of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics within the human brain using mri: insights from a simulation study. Interface Focus. 2025;15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/RSFS.2024.0048.","DOI":"10.1098\/RSFS.2024.0048"},{"issue":"4","key":"735_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3325\/CMJ.2014.55.337","volume":"55","author":"S Yamada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamada S. Cerebrospinal fluid physiology: visualization of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics using the magnetic resonance imaging time-spatial inversion pulse method. Croatian Med J. 2014;55(4):337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3325\/CMJ.2014.55.337.","journal-title":"Croatian Med J"},{"key":"735_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Magdoom KN, Zeinomar A, Lonser RR, Sarntinoranont M, Mareci TH. Phase contrast mri of creeping flows using stimulated echo. J Educ Chang Magnetic Reson (san Diego, Calif. 2019: 1997;299:49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMR.2018.12.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMR.2018.12.009"},{"key":"735_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2015.07.073","volume":"122","author":"L Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen L, Beckett A, Verma A, Feinberg DA. Dynamics of respiratory and cardiac CSF motion revealed with real-time simultaneous multi-slice epi velocity phase contrast imaging. NeuroImage. 2015;122:281\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2015.07.073.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"735_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2754-16.2017","volume":"37","author":"S Dreha-Kulaczewski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Joseph AA, Merboldt KD, Ludwig HC, G\u00e4rtner J, Frahm J. Identification of the upward movement of human CSF in vivo and its relation to the brain venous system. J. Neurosci. 2017;37(9):2395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2754-16.2017.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"735_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/JMRE.1998.1676","volume":"137","author":"AH Aletras","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aletras AH, Ding S, Balaban RS, Wen H. Dense: displacement encoding with stimulated echoes in cardiac functional mri. J Educ Chang Magnetic Reson. 1999;137(1):247\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/JMRE.1998.1676.","journal-title":"J Educ Chang Magnetic Reson"},{"key":"735_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adams AL, Kuijf HJ, Viergever MA, Luijten PR, Zwanenburg JJM. Quantifying cardiac-induced brain tissue expansion using dense. NMR Biomed. 2019;32(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/NBM.4050.","DOI":"10.1002\/NBM.4050"},{"issue":"1","key":"735_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/MRM.21802","volume":"61","author":"M Soellinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soellinger M, Rutz AK, Kozerke S, Boesiger P. 3D cine displacement-encoded mri of pulsatile brain motion. Magnetic Reson In Med. 2009;61(1):153\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MRM.21802.","journal-title":"Magnetic Reson In Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"735_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"074002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/AC753A","volume":"17","author":"DB Steffelbauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steffelbauer DB, Riva REM, Timmermans JS, Kwakkel JH, Bakker M. Evidence of regional sea-level rise acceleration for the North sea. Environ Res Lett. 2022;17(7):074002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/AC753A.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"735_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107049994","volume-title":"Forecasting, structural Time series models and the kalman filter","author":"AC Harvey","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harvey AC. Forecasting, structural Time series models and the kalman filter. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107049994."},{"key":"735_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sloots JJ, Biessels GJ, de Luca A, Zwanenburg JJM. Strain tensor imaging: cardiac-induced brain tissue deformation in humans quantified with high-field mri. NeuroImage. 2021;236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2021.118078.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2021.118078"},{"key":"735_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sloots JJ, Biessels GJ, Zwanenburg JJM. Cardiac and respiration-induced brain deformations in humans quantified with high-field mri. NeuroImage. 2020;210:116581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2020.116581.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2020.116581"},{"issue":"3","key":"735_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/S10334-017-0659-3","volume":"31","author":"JM Spijkerman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spijkerman JM, Petersen ET, Hendrikse J, Luijten P, Zwanenburg JJM. T 2 mapping of cerebrospinal fluid: 3 T versus 7 T. Magma (New Y, N.Y.). 2018;31(3):415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10334-017-0659-3.","journal-title":"Magma (New Y, N.Y.)"},{"key":"735_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMRO.2020.100004","volume":"2\u20133","author":"NH Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson NH, Komlosh ME, Benjamini D, Basser PJ. Limits to flow detection in phase contrast mri. J Retailing Magnetic Reson Open. 2020;2\u20133:100004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMRO.2020.100004.","journal-title":"J Retailing Magnetic Reson Open"},{"key":"735_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wright AM, Wu YC, Feng L, Wen Q. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics: current techniques and future advancements. NMR Biomed. 2024;e5162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/NBM.5162.","DOI":"10.1002\/NBM.5162"},{"key":"735_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamada S, Miyazaki M, Kanazawa H, Higashi M, Morohoshi Y, Bluml S, McComb JG. Visualization of cerebrospinal fluid movement with spin labeling at mr Imaging: preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions. Radiology. 2008;249(2):644\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/RADIOL.2492071985.","DOI":"10.1148\/RADIOL.2492071985"},{"issue":"2","key":"735_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/MRM.29248","volume":"88","author":"J T\u00f6ger","year":"2022","unstructured":"T\u00f6ger J, Andersen M, Haglund O, Kylkilahti TM, Lundgaard I, Markenroth Bloch K. Real-time imaging of respiratory effects on cerebrospinal fluid flow in small diameter passageways. Magnetic Reson In Med. 2022;88(2):770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MRM.29248.","journal-title":"Magnetic Reson In Med"},{"key":"735_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119362","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2022.119362","volume":"258","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, van Gelderen P, de Zwart JA, \u00d6zbay PS, Mandelkow H, Picchioni D, Duyn JH. Cerebrovascular activity is a major factor in the cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics. NeuroImage. 2022;258:119362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2022.119362.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"735_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1148\/RADIOL.2332030884","volume":"233","author":"TY Huang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huang TY, Chung HW, Chen MY, Giiang LH, Chin SC, Lee CS, Chen CY, Liu YJ. Supratentorial cerebrospinal fluid production rate in healthy adults: quantification with two-dimensional cine phase-contrast mr imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution. Radiology. 2004;233(2):603\u201308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/RADIOL.2332030884.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"735_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.12.JNS10926","volume":"115","author":"RD Penn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Penn RD, Basati S, Sweetman B, Guo X, Linninger A. Ventricle wall movements and cerebrospinal fluid flow in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(1):159\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2010.12.JNS10926.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"102","key":"735_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-85578-2_50","volume":"102","author":"SK Piechnik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Piechnik SK, Summers PE, Jezzard P, Byrne JV. Magnetic resonance measurement of blood and CSF flow rates with phase contrast\u2013normal values, repeatability and CO2 reactivity. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;102(102):263\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-211-85578-2_50.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"735_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Linninger AA, Tangen K, Hsu CY, Frim D. Cerebrospinal fluid mechanics and its coupling to cerebrovascular dynamics. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2016, 2016;48(48):219\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-FLUID-122414-034321\/1.","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-FLUID-122414-034321\/1"},{"key":"735_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bal\u00e9dent O, Gondry-Jouet C, Meyer ME, De Marco G, Le Gars D, Henry-Feugeas MC, Idy-Peretti I. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid and blood dynamics in healthy volunteers and patients with communicating hydrocephalus. Invest Radiol. 2004;39(1):45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.RLI.0000100892.87214.49.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RLI.0000100892.87214.49"},{"key":"735_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gideon P, St\u00e5hlberg F, Thomsen C, Gjerris F, S\u00f8rensen PS, Henriksen O. Cerebrospinal fluid flow and production in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus studied by mri. Neuroradiology. 1994;36(3):210\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00588133\/METRICS.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00588133\/METRICS"},{"key":"735_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gideon P, Thomsen C, St\u00e5hlberg F, Henriksen O. Cerebrospinal fluid production and dynamics in normal aging: a mri phase-mapping study. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1994;89(5):362\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1600-0404.1994.TB02647.X.","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1600-0404.1994.TB02647.X"},{"key":"735_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f8m EK, Ringstad G, Mardal KA, Eide PK. Cerebrospinal fluid volumetric net flow rate and direction in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. neuroimage. Clin. 2018;20:731\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NICL.2018.09.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NICL.2018.09.006"},{"key":"735_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cutler RWP, Page L, Galicich J, Watters GV. Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in man. Brain. 1968;91(4):707\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/BRAIN\/91.4.707.","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/91.4.707"},{"key":"735_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masserman JH. Cerebrospinal hydrodynamics: iv. clinical experimental studies. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1934;32(3):523\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/ARCHNEURPSYC.1934.02250090060006.","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHNEURPSYC.1934.02250090060006"},{"key":"735_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"May C, Kaye JA, Atack JR, Schapiro MB, Friedland RP, Rapoport SI. Cerebrospinal fluid production is reduced in healthy aging. Neurology. 1990;40(3):500\u201303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.40.3_PART_1.500;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:WNL;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:WNL;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_PART_1.500;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:WNL;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:WNL;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION"},{"key":"735_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rubin RC, Henderson ES, Ommaya AK, Walker MD, Rall DP. The production of cerebrospinal fluid in man and its modification by acetazolamide. J Neurosurg. 1966;25(4):430\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/JNS.1966.25.4.0430.","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.1966.25.4.0430"},{"key":"735_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silverberg GD, Heit G, Huhn S, Jaffe RA, Chang SD, Bronte-Stewart H, Rubenstein E, Possin K, Saul TA. The cerebrospinal fluid production rate is reduced in dementia of the Alzheimer\u2019s type. Neurology. 2001;57(10):1763\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1763;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1763;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER"},{"key":"735_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pollay M. The function and structure of the cerebrospinal fluid outflow system. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2010;7(1):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-8454-7-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-7-9"},{"key":"735_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bradbury MWB, Cserr HF, Westrop RJ. Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit. Am J Physiol - Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 1981;9(4):329\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPRENAL.1981.240.4.F329.","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPRENAL.1981.240.4.F329"},{"key":"735_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hablitz LM, Nedergaard M. The Glymphatic system: a novel component of fundamental neurobiology. J. Neurosci. 2021;41(37):7698\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0619-21.2021.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0619-21.2021"},{"key":"735_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, Benveniste H, Vates GE, Deane R, Goldman SA, Nagelhus EA, Nedergaard M. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(147). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.3003748.","DOI":"10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.3003748"},{"key":"735_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eide PK, Ringstad G. Functional analysis of the human perivascular subarachnoid space. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41467-024-46329-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467-024-46329-1"},{"key":"735_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nilsson C, Stahlberg F, Thomsen C, Henriksen O, Herning M, Owman C. Circadian variation in human cerebrospinal fluid production measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol, 262(1 Pt 2). 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPREGU.1992.262.1.R20.","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPREGU.1992.262.1.R20"}],"container-title":["Fluids and Barriers of the CNS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00735-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00735-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00735-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T03:04:32Z","timestamp":1767150272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00735-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-025-00735-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-8118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-8118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of our hospital, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before scanning.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human Ethics and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"126"}}