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Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on human health is less known. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to HVO exhaust for 3 h\u00a0in a chamber with a\u00a0double-blind, randomized setup. Exposure scenarios comprised of HVO exhaust from two modern non-road vehicles with 1) no aftertreatment system (\u2018HVO<jats:sub>PM+NOx<\/jats:sub>\u2019 PM1: 93\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, EC: 54\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, NO: 3.4\u00a0ppm, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>:\u00a00.6\u00a0ppm), 2) an aftertreatment system containing a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter (\u2018HVO<jats:sub>NOx<\/jats:sub>\u2019 PM1:\u2009~\u20091\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, NO: 2.0\u00a0ppm, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>:\u00a00.7\u00a0ppm) and 3) filtered air (FA) as control. The exposure concentrations were in line with current EU occupational exposure limits (OELs) of NO, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and\u00a0the future OEL (2023) of elemental carbon (EC). The effect on nasal patency, pulmonary function, and self-rated symptoms were assessed. Calculated predicted lung deposition of HVO exhaust particles\u00a0was compared to data from an\u00a0earlier diesel exhaust study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average total respiratory tract deposition of PM1 during HVO<jats:sub>PM+NOx<\/jats:sub>was 27\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The estimated deposition fraction of HVO PM1 was 40\u201350% higher compared to diesel exhaust PM1 from an older vehicle (earlier study), due to smaller particle sizes of the HVO<jats:sub>PM+NOx<\/jats:sub>exhaust. Compared to FA, exposure to HVO<jats:sub>PM+NOx<\/jats:sub>and HVO<jats:sub>NOx<\/jats:sub>caused higher incidence of self-reported symptoms (78%, 63%, respectively, vs. 28% for FA,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.03). Especially, exposure to HVO<jats:sub>PM+NOx<\/jats:sub>showed 40\u201350% higher eye and throat irritation symptoms. Compared to FA, a decrement in nasal patency was found for the HVO<jats:sub>NOx<\/jats:sub>exposures (\u2212\u200918.1, 95% CI: \u2212\u200927.3 to \u2212\u20098.8 L min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and for the HVO<jats:sub>PM+NOx<\/jats:sub>(\u2212\u20097.4 (\u2212\u200915.6 to 0.8) L min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.08). Overall, no clinically significant change was indicated in the pulmonary function tests (spirometry, peak expiratory flow, forced oscillation technique).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short-term exposure to HVO exhaust concentrations\u00a0corresponding to EU OELs for\u00a0one workday did not cause adverse pulmonary function changes in healthy subjects. However, an increase in self-rated mild irritation symptoms, and mild decrease in nasal patency after both HVO exposures, may indicate irritative effects from exposure to HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles, with and without aftertreatment systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00446-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T10:03:50Z","timestamp":1643018630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1198-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Gren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Dierschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Assarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette M.","family":"Krais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"K\u00e5redal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3837-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Lov\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"L\u00f6ndahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joakim","family":"Pagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Strandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Tun\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Wollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Albin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Gudmundsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0678-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Wierzbicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-020-00379-0","volume":"13","author":"KR Landwehr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Landwehr KR, Larcombe AN, Reid A, Mullins BJ. 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