{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:53:39Z","timestamp":1791824019340,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Umea University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Part Fibre Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to standard petrodiesel exhaust is linked to adverse health effects. Moreover, there is a mounting request to replace fossil-based fuels with renewable and sustainable alternatives and, therefore, rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and other biofuels have been introduced. However, recent toxicological research has indicated that biodiesel exhaust may also induce adverse health-related events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether exposure to 100% RME biodiesel (BD100) exhaust would cause an acute airway neutrophilic recruitment in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen healthy subjects underwent exposure to diluted BD100 exhaust and filtered air for 1-h, in a blinded, random fashion. Bronchoscopy with endobronchial mucosal biopsies, bronchial wash (BW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed six hours after exposure. Differential cell counts and inflammatory markers were determined in the supernatant and biopsies were stained immunohistochemically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with filtered air, BD100 exhaust exposure increased bronchial mucosal endothelial P-selectin adhesion molecule expression, as well as neutrophil, mast cell and CD68\u2009+\u2009macrophage numbers. An increased influx of neutrophils and machrophages was also seen in BW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to biodiesel exhaust was associated with an acute airway inflammation that appeared similar to preceding petrodiesel exposure studies. The present findings, together with the recently reported adverse cardiovascular effects after similar biodiesel exposure, indicate that biodiesel is not free of toxicity and may affect human health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00614-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T04:15:37Z","timestamp":1733372137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute airway inflammation following controlled biodiesel exhaust exposure in healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sandstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A.","family":"Bosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ala","family":"Muala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Kab\u00e9le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamshid","family":"Pourazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoffer","family":"Boman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Mudway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Blomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Friberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"614_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016","author":"GD Thurston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thurston GD, et al. A joint ERS\/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework. Eur Respir J. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"614_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605718","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2023.1605718","volume":"68","author":"M Kutlar Joss","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kutlar Joss M, et al. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health. 2023;68:1605718.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"9919","key":"614_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62158-3","volume":"383","author":"R Beelen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beelen R, et al. Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project. Lancet. 2014;383(9919):785\u201395.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"614_CR4","unstructured":"WHO, W.H.R.G. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/environment-climate-change-and-health\/air-quality-energy-and-health\/health-impacts\/exposure-air-pollution."},{"key":"614_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.042","volume":"114","author":"H Reis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reis H, et al. Diesel exhaust exposure, its multi-system effects, and the effect of new technology diesel exhaust. Environ Int. 2018;114:252\u201365.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"614_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7174","volume":"28","author":"SJ Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson SJ, Miller MR, Newby DE. Effects of diesel exhaust on cardiovascular function and oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2018;28(9):819\u201336.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"4","key":"614_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2016.10.002","volume":"23","author":"S Manzetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manzetti S, Andersen O. Biochemical and physiological effects from exhaust emissions. A review of the relevant literature. Pathophysiology. 2016;23(4):285\u201393.","journal-title":"Pathophysiology."},{"issue":"7","key":"614_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1736-5","volume":"90","author":"S Steiner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steiner S, et al. Diesel exhaust: current knowledge of adverse effects and underlying cellular mechanisms. Arch Toxicol. 2016;90(7):1541\u201353.","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-023-00559-1","volume":"20","author":"M Friberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Friberg M, et al. Human exposure to diesel exhaust induces CYP1A1 expression and AhR activation without a coordinated antioxidant response. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2023;20(1):47.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-023-00961-4","volume":"22","author":"JR Gawryluk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gawryluk JR, et al. Brief diesel exhaust exposure acutely impairs functional brain connectivity in humans: a randomized controlled crossover study. Environ Health. 2023;22(1):7.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00450-5","volume":"19","author":"E Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long E, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: results illuminate health effects of traffic-related air pollution and inform future directions. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2022;19(1):11.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"614_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066314","volume":"357","author":"NL Mills","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mills NL, et al. Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(11):1075\u201382.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"614_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.588962","volume":"112","author":"NL Mills","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mills NL, et al. Diesel exhaust inhalation causes vascular dysfunction and impaired endogenous fibrinolysis. Circulation. 2005;112(25):3930\u20136.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"614_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202209-762OC","volume":"20","author":"J Orach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orach J, et al. Controlled diesel exhaust exposure induces a concentration-dependent increase in airway inflammation: a clinical trial. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023;20(6):834\u201342.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"614_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018448","volume":"10","author":"GD Rankin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rankin GD, et al. Acute exposure to diesel exhaust increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(10): e018448.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"614_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9709083","volume":"159","author":"S Salvi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Salvi S, et al. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(3):702\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"614_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2010.529181","volume":"22","author":"M Sehlstedt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sehlstedt M, et al. Airway inflammatory response to diesel exhaust generated at urban cycle running conditions. Inhal Toxicol. 2010;22(14):1144\u201350.","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"614_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S411","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(90)90268-3","volume":"21","author":"B Rudell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rudell B, et al. Controlled diesel exhaust exposure in an exposure chamber\u2014pulmonary effects investigated with bronchoalveolar lavage. J Aerosol Sci. 1990;21:S411\u20134.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9908092","volume":"162","author":"JA Nightingale","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nightingale JA, et al. Airway inflammation after controlled exposure to diesel exhaust particulates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(1):161\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"614_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01495-2019","author":"DJ Wooding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wooding DJ, et al. Acute air pollution exposure alters neutrophils in never-smokers and at-risk humans. Eur Respir J. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01495-2019.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"614_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.8.527","volume":"56","author":"B Rudell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rudell B, et al. Bronchoalveolar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: comparison between unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust. Occup Environ Med. 1999;56(8):527\u201334.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"614_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.02.025","volume":"98","author":"J Pourazar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pourazar J, et al. Diesel exhaust exposure enhances the expression of IL-13 in the bronchial epithelium of healthy subjects. Respir Med. 2004;98(9):821\u20135.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"614_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-5-8","volume":"5","author":"J Pourazar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pourazar J, et al. Diesel exhaust increases EGFR and phosphorylated C-terminal Tyr 1173 in the bronchial epithelium. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2008;5:8.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"614_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L724","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00055.2005","volume":"289","author":"J Pourazar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pourazar J, et al. Diesel exhaust activates redox-sensitive transcription factors and kinases in human airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;289(5):L724\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00004603","volume":"23","author":"N Stenfors","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stenfors N, et al. Different airway inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(1):82\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"24","key":"614_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn464","volume":"29","author":"AJ Lucking","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lucking AJ, et al. Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(24):3043\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"23","key":"614_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2810","volume":"103","author":"A Peters","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peters A, et al. Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001;103(23):2810\u20135.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"17","key":"614_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040203","volume":"351","author":"A Peters","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peters A, et al. Exposure to traffic and the onset of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(17):1721\u201330.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"614_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200606-872OC","volume":"176","author":"H Tornqvist","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tornqvist H, et al. Persistent endothelial dysfunction in humans after diesel exhaust inhalation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(4):395\u2013400.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00412-3","volume":"18","author":"J Unosson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Unosson J, et al. Acute cardiovascular effects of controlled exposure to dilute Petrodiesel and biodiesel exhaust in healthy volunteers: a crossover study. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2021;18(1):22.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"614_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2007.07.001","volume":"34","author":"M Lapuerta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez J. Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2008;34(2):198\u2013223.","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"614_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.08.062","volume":"186","author":"R Nystr\u00f6m","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m R, et al. Physical and chemical properties of RME biodiesel exhaust particles without engine modifications. Fuel. 2016;186:261\u20139.","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"614_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0096-x","volume":"15","author":"AF Behndig","year":"2015","unstructured":"Behndig AF, et al. Effects of controlled diesel exhaust exposure on apoptosis and proliferation markers in bronchial epithelium\u2014an in vivo bronchoscopy study on asthmatics, rhinitics and healthy subjects. BMC Pulm Med. 2015;15:99.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"614_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2013.765932","volume":"25","author":"N Larsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Larsson N, et al. Airway inflammatory responses to diesel exhaust in allergic rhinitics. Inhal Toxicol. 2013;25(3):160\u20137.","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"614_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.2.9905052","volume":"161","author":"SS Salvi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Salvi SS, et al. Acute exposure to diesel exhaust increases IL-8 and GRO-alpha production in healthy human airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(2 Pt 1):550\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"614_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-017-0243-8","volume":"409","author":"S Gouveia-Figueira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gouveia-Figueira S, et al. Mass spectrometry profiling of oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in human lung lavage fluids reveals responsiveness of prostaglandin E2 and associated lipid metabolites to biodiesel exhaust exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017;409(11):2967\u201380.","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"614_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000473","volume":"57","author":"AA Mehus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehus AA, et al. Comparison of acute health effects from exposures to diesel and biodiesel fuel emissions. J Occup Environ Med. 2015;57(7):705\u201312.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"614_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01349","volume":"3","author":"U Mabalirajan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mabalirajan U, et al. Linoleic acid metabolite drives severe asthma by causing airway epithelial injury. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1349.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"614_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11060532","volume":"11","author":"M Rahman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rahman M, et al. Comparable response following exposure to biodiesel and diesel exhaust particles in advanced multicellular human lung models. Toxics. 2023;11(6):532.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"5","key":"614_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2020.1762541","volume":"50","author":"P Moller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moller P, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020;50(5):383\u2013401.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"issue":"12","key":"614_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.05.035","volume":"1860","author":"MC Madden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madden MC. A paler shade of green? The toxicology of biodiesel emissions: recent findings from studies with this alternative fuel. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1860(12):2856\u201362.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"614_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1021\/es305330y","volume":"47","author":"ME Gerlofs-Nijland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gerlofs-Nijland ME, et al. Cell toxicity and oxidative potential of engine exhaust particles: impact of using particulate filter or biodiesel fuel blend. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(11):5931\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"614_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126637","volume":"420","author":"KR Landwehr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Landwehr KR, et al. Fuel feedstock determines biodiesel exhaust toxicity in a human airway epithelial cell exposure model. J Hazard Mater. 2021;420:126637.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22020","volume":"31","author":"BJ Mullins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mullins BJ, et al. Biodiesel exhaust-induced cytotoxicity and proinflammatory mediator production in human airway epithelial cells. Environ Toxicol. 2016;31(1):44\u201357.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"614_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.04.004","volume":"52","author":"TS Skuland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skuland TS, et al. Proinflammatory effects of diesel exhaust particles from moderate blend concentrations of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells-The FuelHealth project. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017;52:138\u201342.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.04.017","volume":"212","author":"J Topinka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Topinka J, et al. Genotoxic potential of organic extracts from particle emissions of diesel and rapeseed oil powered engines. Toxicol Lett. 2012;212(1):11\u20137.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"614_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.02.005","volume":"57","author":"A Vaughan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughan A, et al. Primary human bronchial epithelial cell responses to diesel and biodiesel emissions at an air-liquid interface. Toxicol In Vitro. 2019;57:67\u201375.","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"issue":"12","key":"614_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201410-1924OC","volume":"191","author":"SD Adar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adar SD, et al. Adopting clean fuels and technologies on school buses. pollution and health impacts in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(12):1413\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"614_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.04.002","volume":"15","author":"AK Agarwal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agarwal AK, Gupta T, Kothari A. Particulate emissions from biodiesel vs diesel fuelled compression ignition engine. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15(6):3278\u2013300.","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"614_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-7-19","volume":"7","author":"S Barath","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barath S, et al. Impaired vascular function after exposure to diesel exhaust generated at urban transient running conditions. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2010;7:19.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"614_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-36","volume":"12","author":"S Barath","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barath S, et al. Diesel exhaust but not ozone increases fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in a randomized controlled experimental exposure study of healthy human subjects. Environ Health. 2013;12:36.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"614_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.140053","volume":"66","author":"AF Behndig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Behndig AF, et al. Proinflammatory doses of diesel exhaust in healthy subjects fail to elicit equivalent or augmented airway inflammation in subjects with asthma. Thorax. 2011;66(1):12\u20139.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"614_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-30","volume":"9","author":"J Londahl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Londahl J, et al. Experimental determination of the respiratory tract deposition of diesel combustion particles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2012;9:30.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"614_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3109\/10520299309105629","volume":"68","author":"KM Britten","year":"1993","unstructured":"Britten KM, Howarth PH, Roche WR. Immunohistochemistry on resin sections: a comparison of resin embedding techniques for small mucosal biopsies. Biotech Histochem. 1993;68(5):271\u201380.","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"}],"container-title":["Particle and Fibre Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12989-024-00614-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12989-024-00614-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12989-024-00614-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T05:50:07Z","timestamp":1733377807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/particleandfibretoxicology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12989-024-00614-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12989-024-00614-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4648154\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1743-8977"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1743-8977","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed according to the Helsinki declaration and approved at the local ethics committee at Ume\u00e5 university. All participants gave their written informed consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"53"}}