{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T06:44:59Z","timestamp":1793342699173,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-018-0446-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T12:29:03Z","timestamp":1546950543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Improving early detection of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: why mammography may not be the way forward"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.116020","volume":"91","author":"V Tsu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsu V, Jeronimo J, Anderson B. Why the time is right to tackle breast and cervical cancer in low-resource settings. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91:683\u201390.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70273-4","volume":"12","author":"J Harford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harford J. Breast cancer early detection in low-income and middle-income countries: do what you can versus one size fits all. Lancet Onc. 2011;12(3):306\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Onc"},{"issue":"5","key":"446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2013.02.011","volume":"22","author":"D Sighoko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sighoko D, Kamate B, Traore C, Malle B, Coulibaly B, Karidiatou A, et al. Breast cancer in pre-menopausal women in West Africa: analysis of temporal trends and evaluation of risk factors associated with reproductive life. Breast. 2008;22(5):828\u201335.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"issue":"18","key":"446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27410","volume":"118","author":"A Jemal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jemal A, Bray F, Forman D, O\u2019Brien M, Ferlay J, Center M, Parkin D. Cancer burden in Africa and opportunities for prevention. Cancer. 2012;118(18):4372\u201384.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"10071","key":"446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31795-0","volume":"389","author":"L Denny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Denny L, de Sanjose S, Mutebi M, Anderson B, Kim J, et al. Interventions to close the divide for women with breast and cervical cancer between low-income and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Lancet. 2017;389(10071):861\u201370.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171024","volume":"12","author":"CP Akuoko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akuoko CP, Armah E, Sarpong T, Quansah D, Amankwaa I. Barriers to early presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer among African women living in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171024.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"446_CR7","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality Worlwide: IARC CancerBase no. 11 [internet]","author":"J Ferlay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Maters C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality Worlwide: IARC CancerBase no. 11 [internet]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Available from: http:\/\/globocan.iarc.fr, Accessed on 1st Apr 2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2012.01.002","volume":"21","author":"M Corbex","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corbex M, Burton R, Sancho-Garnier H. Breast cancer early detection methods for low and middle income countries, a review of the evidence. Breast. 2012;21(4):428\u201334.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"issue":"12","key":"446_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e923","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30259-5","volume":"4","author":"E Jedy-Agba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jedy-Agba E, McCormack V, Adebamowo C, dos-Santos-Silvia I. Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(12):e923\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1504363","volume":"372","author":"N Lauby-Secretan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lauby-Secretan N, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Bouvard V, Bianchini F, et al. Breast Cancer screening \u2013 viewpoint of the IARC working group. NEJM. 2015;372:2353\u20138.","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1200\/JGO.2016.008433","volume":"3","author":"EL Trimble","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trimble EL. (2017) Breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. J Glob Oncol. 2017;3(3):187\u20138.","journal-title":"J Glob Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR12","first-page":"35","volume":"9","author":"S Cumbera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cumbera S, Nchanji K, Tsoka-Gwegweni J. Breast cancer among women in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence and a situational analysis. South Afr J Gyn Onc. 2017;9(2):35\u20137.","journal-title":"South Afr J Gyn Onc"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr050","volume":"40","author":"S Dalal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dalal S, Beunza J, Volmink J, Adebamowo C, Bajunirwe F, Nkelekela M, et al. Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: what we know now. Int J Epid. 2011;40(4):885\u2013901.","journal-title":"Int J Epid"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR14","first-page":"721","volume":"133","author":"E Chokunonga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chokunonga E, Borok M, Chirenje Z, Nyakabau A, Parkin D. Trends in the incidence of cancer in the black population of Harare, Zimbabwe 1991-2010. IJC. 2013;133(3):721\u20139.","journal-title":"IJC"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-2868-z","volume":"144","author":"LA Brinton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brinton LA, Figueroa JD, Awuah B, Yarney J, Wiafe S, Wood SN, et al. Breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities for prevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;144(3):467\u201378.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR16","first-page":"147","volume":"12","author":"D Tetteh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tetteh D, Faulkner S. Sociocultural factors and breast Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for diagnosis and management. Women\u2019s Health. 2016;12(1):147\u201356.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR17","first-page":"127","volume":"43","author":"J Clegg-Lamptey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clegg-Lamptey J, Dakubo J, Attobra YN. Why do breast cancer patients report late or abscond during treatment in Ghana? A pilot study Ghana Med J. 2009;43(3):127\u201331.","journal-title":"A pilot study Ghana Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"446_CR18","first-page":"808","volume":"68","author":"R Pegoraro","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pegoraro R, Nirmul D, Bryer J, Jordaan J, Joubert S. Clinical patterns of presentation of breast cancer in women of different racial groups in South Africa. South Afr Med J. 1985;68(11):808\u201310.","journal-title":"South Afr Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2005.06.008","volume":"15","author":"A Adesunkanmi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adesunkanmi A, Lawal O, Adelusola K, Durosimi M. The severity, outcome and challenges of breast cancer in Nigeria. Breast. 2006;15(3):399\u2013409.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"446_CR20","volume-title":"Downstaging breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: A realistic target? Cancer Control","author":"I Dos Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dos Santos I, McCormack V, Jedy-Agba E, Adebamowo C (2017) Downstaging breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: A realistic target? Cancer Control Available from http:\/\/www.cancercontrol.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/46-52-Silva.pdf"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122X.2006.00200.x","volume":"12","author":"R Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith R, Caleffi M, Albert U, Chen T, Duffy S, Franceschi D, et al. Breast cancer in limited-resource countries: early detection and access to care. Breast J. 2006;12(Suppl 1):S16\u201326 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1075-122X.2006.00200.x.","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-271","volume":"6","author":"O Oluwatosin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oluwatosin O, Oladepo O. Knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele local government area, Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:271.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"446_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S87341","volume":"9","author":"R Kohler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kohler R, Lee C, Gopal S, Reeve B, Weiner B, Wheeler S. Developing a discrete choice experiment in Malawi: eliciting preferences for breast cancer early detection services. Patient Pref Adher. 2015;9:1459\u201372.","journal-title":"Patient Pref Adher"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR24","first-page":"913","volume":"134","author":"M Mena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mena M, Wiafe-Addai B, Sauvaget C, Ali I, Wiafe S, Dabis F. Evaluation of the impact of a breast cancer awareness program in rural Ghana: a cross-sectional survey. IJC. 2013;134(4):913\u201324.","journal-title":"IJC"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpm.2014.41006","volume":"4","author":"B Legesse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Legesse B, Gedif T. Knowledge on breast cancer and its prevention among women household heads in northern Ethiopia. Open J Prev Med. 2014;4(1):32\u201340.","journal-title":"Open J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR26","first-page":"50","volume":"9","author":"F Mukupo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mukupo F, Mubita-Ngoma C. Breast cancer knowledge and breast self-examination practice among rural and urban women in Zambia. Afr J Nursing and Midwifery. 2007;9(1):50\u20138.","journal-title":"Afr J Nursing and Midwifery"},{"key":"446_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24950","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/249501","volume":"2012","author":"S Formenti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Formenti S, Arslan A, Love S. Global breast Cancer: the lessons to bring home. Int J Breast Cancer. 2012;2012:24950 doi: 10.1155\/2012\/249501.","journal-title":"Int J Breast Cancer"},{"key":"446_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000727","volume":"363","author":"M Kalager","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalager M, Zelen M, Langmark F, Adami H. Effect of screening mammography on breast cancer mortality in Norway. NEJM. 2010;363:1203\u201310.","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"446_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1008369","volume":"363","author":"H Welch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Welch H. Screening mammography \u2013 a long run for a short slide? NEJM. 2010;363:1276\u20138.","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR30","first-page":"976","volume":"126","author":"I Mittra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mittra I, Mishra G, Singh S, Aranke S, Notani P, Badwe R, et al. A cluster randomized, controlled trial of breast and cervix cancer screening in Mumbai, India: methodology and interim results after three rounds of screening. IJC. 2009;126(4):976\u201384.","journal-title":"IJC"},{"issue":"8","key":"446_CR31","first-page":"10","volume":"17","author":"S Zelle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zelle S, Nyarko K, Bosu W, Aikins M, Niens L, Lauer J, et al. Costs, effects and cost-effectiveness of breast cancer control in Ghana. J Trop Med and Int Health. 2012;17(8):10.","journal-title":"J Trop Med and Int Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"446_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdm105","volume":"18","author":"B Devi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Devi B, Tang T, Corbex M. Reducing by half the percentage of late-stage presentation of breast and cervix cancer over 4 years: a pilot study of clinical downstaging in Sarawak, Malaysia. Ann Onc. 2007;18(7):1172\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Onc"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR33","first-page":"106","volume":"46","author":"A Ukwenya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ukwenya A, Yusufu L, Nmadu P, Garba E, Ahmed A. Delayed treatment of symptomatic breast cancer: the experience from Kaduna, Nigeria. South Afr J Surg. 2008;46(4):106\u201310.","journal-title":"South Afr J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR34","first-page":"242","volume":"9","author":"A Ntekim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ntekim A, Nufu F, Campbell O. Breast cancer in young women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2009;9(4):242\u20136.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"446_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2010.29","volume":"25","author":"T Kene","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kene T, Odigie V, Yusufu L, Yusuf B, Shehuh S, Kase J. Pattern of presentation and survival of breast cancer in a teaching hospital in North Western Nigeria. OMJ. 2010;25:104\u20137.","journal-title":"OMJ"},{"key":"446_CR36","first-page":"347","volume":"2","author":"I Gukas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gukas I, Girling A, Mandong B, Prime W, Jennings B, Leinster S. A comparison of clinicopathological features and molecular markers in British and Nigerian women with breast cancer. Clin Med Onc. 2008;2:347\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Med Onc"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-007-9694-5","volume":"110","author":"C Adebamowo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adebamowo C, Famooto A, Ogundiran T, Aniagwu T, Nkwodimmah C, Akang E. Immunohistochemical and molecular subtypes of breast cancer in Nigeria. Breast Cancer Res and Treatment. 2008;110(1):183\u20138.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res and Treatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0936-6555(05)81167-7","volume":"3","author":"A Ajekigbe","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajekigbe A. Fear of mastectomy: the most common factor responsible for late presentation of carcinoma of the breast in Nigeria. Clin Onc. 1991;3(2):78\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Onc"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2307\/3583430","volume":"5","author":"M Okobia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Okobia M, Osime U. Clinicopathological study of carcinoma of the breast in Benin city. Afr J Repr Health. 2001;5(2):56\u201362.","journal-title":"Afr J Repr Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPW7TZLS3BFFIU","volume":"140","author":"D Edmund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edmund D, Naaeder S, Tettey Y, Gyasi R. Breast cancer in Ghanaian women. What has changed? Am J Clin Path. 2013;140(1):97\u2013102.","journal-title":"What has changed? Am J Clin Path"},{"key":"446_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4236\/ss.2016.73022","volume":"7","author":"D Gbessi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gbessi D, Lawani I, Tawo-Nounagnon C, Dossou F, Imorou Y, Mehinto D, et al. Management of breast cancer in visceral surgery of CNHU-HKM of Cotonou in Benin. Surg Sci. 2016;7:170\u20136.","journal-title":"Surg Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"446_CR42","first-page":"135","volume":"2","author":"A Azon-Kouanou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azon-Kouanou A, Zannou D, Agbodande K, Moussa B, Sehonou J, Ade G, Houngbe F. Epidemiological, clinical and histological profile of breast cancers in internal medicine department at the National Teaching Hospital (NTH) Hubert Koudougou Maga (HKM) of Cotonou\/Benin. Afr J Breast Ca. 2015;2(11):135\u201341.","journal-title":"Afr J Breast Ca"},{"issue":"7","key":"446_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0493","volume":"20","author":"L Pace","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pace L, Mpunga T, Hategekimana V, Dusengimana J, Habineza H, Bigirimana J, et al. Delays in breast cancer presentation and diagnosis at two rural cancer referral centers in Rwanda. Oncologist. 2015;20(7):780\u20138.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"446_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2014.06.006","volume":"23","author":"S Sayed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sayed S, Moloo Z, Wasike R, Bird P, Oigara R, Govender D, et al. Is breast cancer from sub Saharan Africa truly receptor poor? Prevalence of ER\/PR\/HER2 in breast cancer from Kenya. Breast. 2014;23(5):591\u20136.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"446_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-214","volume":"4","author":"P Rambau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rambau P, Chalya P, Manyama M, Jackson K. Pathological features of breast cancer seen in northwestern Tanzania: a nine years retrospective study. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:214.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3233\/BD-2009-0296","volume":"31","author":"A Burson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burson A, Soliman A, Ngoma T, Mwaiselage J, Ogweyo P, MS E, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic profile of breast cancer in Tanzania. Breast Dis. 2010;31(1):33\u201341.","journal-title":"Breast Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"446_CR47","first-page":"357","volume":"43","author":"A Amir","year":"1997","unstructured":"Amir A, Azizi M, Makwaya C, Jessani S. TNM classification and breast cancer in an African population: a descriptive study. Cent Afr J Med. 1997;43(12):357\u20139.","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR48","first-page":"269","volume":"14","author":"J Mabula","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mabula J, Mabula D, Chalya P, Giiti G, Chandika A, Rambau P, et al. Stage at diagnosis, clinicopathological and treatment patterns of breast cancer at Bugando medical Centre in North-Western Tanzania. Tanz J Health Res. 2012;14(4):269\u201379.","journal-title":"Tanz J Health Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"446_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.6829","volume":"103","author":"A Tesfamarian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tesfamarian A, Gebremichael A, Mufunda J. Breast cancer clinicopathological presentation, gravity and challenges in Eritrea, East Africa: management practice in a resource-poor setting. South African Medical J. 2013;103(8):526\u20138.","journal-title":"South African Medical J"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604435","volume":"99","author":"A Gakwaya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gakwaya A, Kigula-Mugambe J, Kavuma A, Luwaga A, Fualal J, Jombwe J, et al. Cancer of the breast: 5-year survival in a tertiary hospital in Uganda. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(1):63\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"446_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-015-0632-4","volume":"13","author":"M Galukande","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galukande M, Wabinga H, Mirembe F. Breast cancer survival experiences at a tertiary hospital in sub-Saharan Africa: a cohort study. World J Surg Onc. 2015;13:220.","journal-title":"World J Surg Onc"},{"key":"446_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-1092-9","volume":"15","author":"L Lopes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopes L, Miguel F, Freitas H, Tavares A, Pangui S, Castro C, et al. Stage at presentation of breast cancer in Luanda, Angola \u2013 a retrospective study. BMC Health Services Res. 2015;15:471.","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Res"},{"key":"446_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2015.510","volume":"9","author":"A Armando","year":"2015","unstructured":"Armando A, Bozzetti M, Zelmanowicz A, Miguel F. The epidemiology of cancer in Angola \u2013 results from the cancer registry of the national oncology Centre of Luanda, Angola. Ecancermedicalscience. 2015;9:510.","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"446_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28861","volume":"135","author":"C Dickens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dickens C, Joffe M, Jacobson J, Venter F, Schuz J, Cubasch H, et al. Stage at breast cancer diagnosis and distance from diagnostic hospital in a periurban setting: a south African public hospital case series of over 1,000 women. Int J Ca. 2014;135(9):2173\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Ca"},{"key":"446_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R84c","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3478","volume":"15","author":"V McCormack","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCormack V, Joffe M, Van den Berg E, Broeze N, Dos Santos SI, Romieu I, et al. Breast cancer receptor status and stage at diagnosis in over 1,200 consecutive public hospital patients in Soweto, South Africa: a case series. Breast Ca Res. 2013;15:R84c.","journal-title":"Breast Ca Res"},{"key":"446_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1984.37","volume":"49","author":"A Walker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Walker A, Walker B, Tshabalala E, Isaacson C, Segal I. Low survival of south African black women with breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1984;49:241\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/146642400412400212","volume":"124","author":"A Walker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walker A, Adam F, Walker B. Breast cancer in black African women: a changing situation. JRSH. 2004;124(2):81\u20135.","journal-title":"JRSH"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01833352","volume":"20","author":"S Ariad","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ariad S, Seymour L, Bezwoda W. Platelet-derived growth factor in plasma of breast cancer patients: correlation with stage and rate of progression. Breast Ca Res and Treatment. 1991;20(1):11\u20137.","journal-title":"Breast Ca Res and Treatment"},{"issue":"7","key":"446_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-0299-5","volume":"34","author":"S Basro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Basro S, Apffelstaedt J. Breast cancer in young women in a limited-resource environment. World J Surg. 2010;34(7):1427\u201333.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"446_CR60","first-page":"1212","volume":"90","author":"M Hoffman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoffman M, de Pinho H, Cooper D, Sayed R, Dent D, Gudgeon A, et al. Breast cancer incidence and determinants of cancer stage in the Western cape. SAMJ. 2000;90(12):1212\u20136.","journal-title":"SAMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR61","first-page":"75","volume":"38","author":"G Muguti","year":"1993","unstructured":"Muguti G. Experience with breast cancer in Zimbabwe. J Royal College of Surg Edinburgh. 1993;38(2):75\u20138.","journal-title":"J Royal College of Surg Edinburgh"},{"key":"446_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-4-11","volume":"4","author":"M Okobia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Okobia M, Bunker C, Okonofua F, Osime U. Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. World J Surg Onc. 2006;4:11.","journal-title":"World J Surg Onc"},{"key":"446_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-203","volume":"9","author":"A Akhigbe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akhigbe A, Omuemu V. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:203.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"446_CR64","first-page":"42","volume":"10","author":"F Kayode","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kayode F, Akande T, Osagbemi G. Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self examination among female secondary school teachers in Ilorin, Nigeria. European J Scient Res. 2005;10(3):42\u20137.","journal-title":"European J Scient Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"446_CR65","first-page":"186","volume":"52","author":"A Isara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Isara A, Ojedokun C. Knowledge of breast cancer and practice of breast self examination among female senior secondary school students in Abuja, Nigeria. J Prev Med and Hygiene. 2011;52(4):186\u201390.","journal-title":"J Prev Med and Hygiene"},{"issue":"7","key":"446_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860152703472","volume":"40","author":"O Odusanya","year":"2001","unstructured":"Odusanya O, Tayo O. Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes and practice among nurses in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Oncol. 2001;40(7):844\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"446_CR67","first-page":"28","volume":"11","author":"S Opoku","year":"2012","unstructured":"Opoku S, Benwell M, Yarney J. Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviour and breast cancer screening practices in Ghana, West Africa. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;11:28.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"446_CR68","first-page":"395","volume":"1","author":"L Sarfo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sarfo L, Awuah-Peasah D, Acheampong E, Asamoah F. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-breast examination among female university students at Presbyterian University college, Ghana. American J Research Communication. 2013;1(11):395\u2013404.","journal-title":"American J Research Communication"},{"key":"446_CR69","first-page":"814395","volume":"2013","author":"M Azage","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azage M, Abeje G, Mekonnen A. Assessment of factors associated with breast self-examination among health extension workers in west Gojjam zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Int J Breast Ca. 2013;2013:814395 doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/814395.","journal-title":"Int J Breast Ca"},{"issue":"2","key":"446_CR70","first-page":"109","volume":"2","author":"K Ameer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ameer K, Abdulie S, Pal S, Arebo K, Kassa G. Breast cancer awareness and practice of breast self-examination among female medical students in Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. Int J Interdisc & Multidisc Stud. 2014;2(2):109\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Interdisc & Multidisc Stud"},{"issue":"8","key":"446_CR71","first-page":"73","volume":"8","author":"E Morse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morse E, Maegga B, Joseph G, Miesfeldt S. Breast cancer knowledge, beliefs, and screening practices among women seeking care at district hospitals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Breast Ca. 2014;8(8):73\u20139.","journal-title":"Breast Ca"},{"key":"446_CR72","first-page":"9","volume":"3","author":"E Kiguli-Malwadde","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kiguli-Malwadde E, Mubuuke G, Busingye F, Kawooya M, Nakatudde R, Byanyima R, et al. Current knowledge, attitudes and practices of women on breast cancer and mammography at Mulago hospital. Pan Afr Med J. 2010;3:9.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-627","volume":"5","author":"M Atanga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Atanga M, Atashli J, Asoh E, Ayamba V. Breast self-examination and breast cancer awareness in women in developing countries: a survey of women in Buea, Cameroon. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5(1):627\u201332.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"446_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1004-4","volume":"8","author":"F Nde","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nde F, Assob J, Kwenti T, Njunda A, Tainenbe T. Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination among female undergraduate students in the University of Buea. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:43.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"446_CR75","first-page":"3513","volume":"9","author":"OJ Tieng\u2019","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tieng\u2019 OJ, Pengpid S, Skaal L, Peltzer K. Knowledge attitude and practice of breast cancer examination among women attending a health facility in Gaborone, Botswana. Gender and Behaviour. 2011;9(1):3513\u201327.","journal-title":"Gender and Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Globalization and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12992-018-0446-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12992-018-0446-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12992-018-0446-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T19:13:47Z","timestamp":1578424427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12992-018-0446-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-018-0446-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-8603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-8603","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"3"}}