{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:42:52Z","timestamp":1780504972242,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The burden of sickle cell disease (SCD) is greatest among African nations. Effective scalability of evidence-based interventions (e.g., newborn screening, health education, prophylaxis for infection, optimal nutrition and hydration, hydroxyurea therapy, blood transfusions, and transcranial Doppler (TCD) screening) is urgently needed particularly in these settings for disease management. However, Africa is constrained by limited resources and the lack of capacity to conduct implementation science research for proper understanding of context, and assessment of barriers and facilitators to the uptake and scalability of evidence-based interventions (EBI) for SCD management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Body<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We outline implementation science approaches to embed EBI for SCD within the African context and highlight key implementation research programs for SCD management. Building implementation research capacity will meet the major need of developing effective life-long and accessible locally-tailored interventions for patients with SCD in Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This commentary communicates the importance of the application of implementation science methodology to scale-up evidence-based interventions for the management of SCD in order to reduce pain, prevent other morbidities and premature death experienced by people with SCD in Africa, and improve their overall quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00671-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T14:01:36Z","timestamp":1613656896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Implementation science research for the scale-up of evidence-based interventions for sickle cell disease in africa: a commentary"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5037-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Gyamfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitope","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet","family":"Iwelunmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gbenga","family":"Ogedegbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nessa","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obiageli","family":"Nnodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambroise","family":"Wonkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmaine","family":"Royal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Peprah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"671_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001484","volume":"10","author":"FB Piel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piel FB, et al. Global burden of sickle cell anaemia in children under five, 2010\u20132050: modelling based on demographics, excess mortality, and interventions. PLoS Med. 2013;10(7):e1001484.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"671_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2022UUU","volume":"121","author":"K Ohene-Frempong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ohene-Frempong K, et al. Screening newborns for sickle cell disease in Ghana. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):S120.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"671_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3758","volume":"103","author":"CT Quinn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Quinn CT, Rogers ZR, Buchanan GR. Survival of children with sickle cell disease. Blood. 2004;103(11):4023\u20137.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"671_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.09.052","volume":"154","author":"E Yanni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yanni E, et al. Trends in pediatric sickle cell disease-related mortality in the United States, 1983-2002. J Pediatr. 2009;154(4):541\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"671_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.09.013","volume":"41","author":"SD Grosse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grosse SD, et al. Sickle cell disease in Africa: a neglected cause of early childhood mortality. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(6):S398\u2013405.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"671_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813598","volume":"380","author":"L Tshilolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tshilolo L, et al. Hydroxyurea for children with sickle cell anemia in sub-Saharan Africa. New England J Med. 2019;380(2):121\u201331.","journal-title":"New England J Med"},{"key":"671_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nnodu OE. Interventions for the prevention and control of sickle cell disease at primary health care centres in Gwagwalada Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Cureus. 2014;6(8).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.194"},{"key":"671_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0392-8","volume":"11","author":"J Iwelunmor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iwelunmor J, et al. Toward the sustainability of health interventions implemented in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and conceptual framework. Implement Sci. 2016;11:43.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"671_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e038685","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038685","volume":"10","author":"N Ryan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ryan N, et al. Implementation of the therapeutic use of hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease management in resource-constrained settings: a systematic review of adoption, cost and acceptability. BMJ open. 2020;10(11):e038685.","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"7","key":"671_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300755","volume":"102","author":"RE Glasgow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glasgow RE, et al. National Institutes of Health approaches to dissemination and implementation science: current and future directions. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1274\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"671_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114444","volume":"34","author":"R Lobb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lobb R, Colditz GA. Implementation science and its application to population health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:235\u201351.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"671_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-008-0197-4","volume":"36","author":"EK Proctor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Proctor EK, et al. Implementation research in mental health services: an emerging science with conceptual, methodological, and training challenges. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2009;36(1):24\u201334.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"671_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-99","volume":"6","author":"CB Stetler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stetler CB, et al. A Guide for applying a revised version of the PARIHS framework for implementation. Implement Sci. 2011;6:99.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"671_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0842-6","volume":"14","author":"JC Moullin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moullin JC, et al. Systematic review of the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Implement Sci. 2019;14(1):1.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"671_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0450-2","volume":"11","author":"DR Shelley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shelley DR, et al. Testing the use of practice facilitation in a cluster randomized stepped-wedge design trial to improve adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines: HealthyHearts NYC. Implementation Sci. 2016;11(1):88.","journal-title":"Implementation Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"671_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1312","volume":"10","author":"NB Baskerville","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baskerville NB, Liddy C, Hogg W. Systematic review and meta-analysis of practice facilitation within primary care settings. Ann Fam Med. 2012;10(1):63\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"671_CR17","volume-title":"MOH and Novartis sign MOU on treatment of sickle cell disease at World Economic Forum 2019","author":"Ministry of Health, R.o.G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, R.o.G. MOH and Novartis sign MOU on treatment of sickle cell disease at World Economic Forum 2019. 2019 [cited 2020 September]; Available from: http:\/\/www.moh.gov.gh\/moh-novartis-foundation-signs-mou-on-treatment-of-sickle-cell-disease-at-world-economic-forum-2019."},{"key":"671_CR18","volume-title":"Novartis expands Africa Sickle Cell Disease program to Uganda and Tanzania. Gesundheit","author":"E DE FR","year":"2020","unstructured":"DE FR E. Novartis expands Africa Sickle Cell Disease program to Uganda and Tanzania. Gesundheit; 2020."},{"key":"671_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-6-5","volume":"6","author":"A de-Graft Aikins","year":"2010","unstructured":"de-Graft Aikins A, et al. Tackling Africa's chronic disease burden: from the local to the global. Global Health. 2010;6:5.","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"671_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1458","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30328-6","volume":"7","author":"S Uyoga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uyoga S, et al. The epidemiology of sickle cell disease in children recruited in infancy in Kilifi, Kenya: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(10):e1458\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"671_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4127-9","volume":"17","author":"J Iwelunmor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iwelunmor J, et al. Exploring stakeholders' perceptions of a task-shifting strategy for hypertension control in Ghana: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):216.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"671_CR22","volume-title":"Implementation of evidence-based hypertension control interventions in low- and middle-income countries: What Does It Take to Scale-up?","author":"J Gyamfi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gyamfi, J. Implementation of evidence-based hypertension control interventions in low- and middle-income countries: What Does It Take to Scale-up? 2019 [cited 2020 September]; Available from: https:\/\/academiccommons.columbia.edu\/doi\/10.7916\/d8-cwfh-pg24."},{"issue":"2","key":"671_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2019.05.009","volume":"14","author":"E Peprah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peprah E, Iwelunmor J, Price L. Assessing stakeholder engagement for translation research and implementation science in low- and middle-income countries: lessons from Ghana, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Malawi, Nepal, Rwanda, and Vietnam. Glob Heart. 2019;14(2):99\u2013101.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"issue":"12","key":"671_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001851","volume":"4","author":"AM Brandow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brandow AM, et al. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: management of acute and chronic pain. Blood advances. 2020;4(12):2656.","journal-title":"Blood advances"},{"issue":"2","key":"671_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001143","volume":"4","author":"ST Chou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chou ST, et al. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: transfusion support. Blood advances. 2020;4(2):327\u201355.","journal-title":"Blood advances"},{"issue":"8","key":"671_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001142","volume":"4","author":"M DeBaun","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeBaun M, et al. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cerebrovascular disease in children and adults. Blood advances. 2020;4(8):1554\u201388.","journal-title":"Blood advances"},{"issue":"3","key":"671_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.3.526","volume":"109","author":"PA Lane","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lane PA, et al. Health supervision for children with sickle cell disease. Pediatrics. 2002;109(3):526\u201335.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Globalization and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12992-021-00671-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12992-021-00671-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12992-021-00671-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T08:51:23Z","timestamp":1770022283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12992-021-00671-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-021-00671-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-8603"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-8603","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}