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Over the recent years, the so-called autonomous experimentation (AE) systems are featured as key AI innovation to enhance and accelerate research and development (R&amp;D). Also known as self-driving laboratories or materials acceleration platforms, AE systems are digital platforms capable of running a large number of experiments autonomously. Those systems are rapidly impacting biomedical research and clinical innovation, in areas such as drug discovery, nanomedicine, precision oncology, and others. As it is expected that AE will impact healthcare innovation from local to global levels, its implications for science and technology in emerging economies should be examined. By examining the increasing relevance of AE in contemporary R&amp;D activities, this article aims to explore the advancement of artificial intelligence in biomedical research and health innovation, highlighting its implications, challenges and opportunities in emerging economies. AE presents an opportunity for stakeholders from emerging economies to co-produce the global knowledge landscape of AI in health. However, asymmetries in R&amp;D capabilities should be acknowledged since emerging economies suffers from inadequacies and discontinuities in resources and funding. The establishment of decentralized AE infrastructures could support stakeholders to overcome local restrictions and opens venues for more culturally diverse, equitable, and trustworthy development of AI in health-related R&amp;D through meaningful partnerships and engagement. Collaborations with innovators from emerging economies could facilitate anticipation of fiscal pressures in science and technology policies, obsolescence of knowledge infrastructures, ethical and regulatory policy lag, and other issues present in the Global South. Also, improving cultural and geographical representativeness of AE contributes to foster the diffusion and acceptance of AI in health-related R&amp;D worldwide.\u00a0Institutional preparedness is critical and could enable stakeholders to navigate opportunities of AI in biomedical research and health innovation in the coming years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-024-01049-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T10:01:47Z","timestamp":1716285707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["The advancement of artificial intelligence in biomedical research and health innovation: challenges and opportunities in emerging economies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9679-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renan Gon\u00e7alves Leonel","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1049_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1039\/d2sc05709c","volume":"14","author":"F Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ren F, Ding X, Zheng M, Korzinkin M, Cai X, Zhu W, Mantsyzov A, Aliper A, Aladinskiy V, Cao Z, Kong S, Long X, Man Liu BH, Liu Y, Naumov V, Shneyderman A, Ozerov IV, Wang J, Pun FW, Polykovskiy DA, Sun C, Levitt M, Aspuru-Guzik A, Zhavoronkov A. 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His research focuses on the social, ethical, and political issues related to the introduction of emerging technologies in biomedical research and innovation in multiple organizational settings. Recently, da Silva is dedicated to the empirical study of practices and interventions driving the expert knowledge production in Bioengineering-related domains (e.g.,\u00a0Molecular Systems Engineering), responsive bionanomaterials,\u00a0self-driving labs and precision medicine.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 information"}},{"value":"The author applied general principles present in the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) Guideline [] for reporting of sex and gender information in all versions of the manuscript concept and design, literature review, and interpretation of data. Since this is a debate article, no empirical data collection and analysis was performed. However, attention was dedicated to provide fair representation of gender, race and ethnicity in the selection of studies to be discussed. As a Latino Scholar and first generation academic in my family, I have experienced many situations in which ethnic and gender issues in academic environment has been completely gaslighted. Then, I valuate and appreciate such initiative that might shed light to this issue among the team of authors and reviewers of this respected publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Sex and Gender Considerations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}