{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:39:47Z","timestamp":1787020787555,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Occup Med Toxicol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-025-00485-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T07:51:51Z","timestamp":1763625111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Humor as a double-edged weapon in psychopathology: light and dark humor styles, coping, and personality in police mental health"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9745-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Royce","family":"Anders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauriane","family":"Willemin-Petignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Putois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"485_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9218","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159218","volume":"19","author":"R Anders","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anders R, Willemin-Petignat L, Rolli Salath\u00e9 C, Samson AC, Putois B. Profiling police forces against stress: risk and protective factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and burnout in police officers. Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health. 2022;19(15):9218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159218","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health"},{"key":"485_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-013-9116-z","volume":"29","author":"BA Chopko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chopko BA, Palmieri PA, Facemire VC. Prevalence and predictors of suicidal ideation among us law enforcement officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2014;29:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-013-9116-z","journal-title":"J Police Crim Psychol"},{"key":"485_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817872-0.00009-4","volume-title":"POWER","author":"B Faulkner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faulkner B, Fuss S, Couperthwaite LM. PTSD and other operational stress injuries among police officers: empirical findings and reflections from clinical practice. In: POWER. Elsevier; 2020. p. 129\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-817872-0.00009-4"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-019-09358-x","volume":"35","author":"W Husain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Husain W. Depression, anxiety, and stress among Urban and rural police officers. J Police Crim Psychol. 2020;35(4):443\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-019-09358-x","journal-title":"J Police Crim Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"485_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019658","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19658","volume":"3","author":"KK Jetelina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jetelina KK, Molsberry RJ, Gonzalez JR, Beauchamp AM, Hall T. Prevalence of mental illness and mental health care use among police officers. JAMA Netw Open Open. 2020;3(10):e2019658\u20132019658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19658","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"485_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5169","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095169","volume":"19","author":"C Civilotti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Civilotti C, Acquadro Maran D, Garbarino S, Magnavita N. Hopelessness in police officers and its association with depression and burnout: a pilot study. Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health. 2022;19(9):5169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095169","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health"},{"key":"485_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"057","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paae057","volume":"18","author":"B Talavera-Velasco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Talavera-Velasco B, Guti\u00e9rrez-Carvajal A, Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda J, Luce\u00f1o-Moreno L. Suicidal ideation in police officers and associated risk factors: a systematic review. Polic: A J Policy Pract. 2024;18:057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/police\/paae057","journal-title":"Polic: A J Policy Pract"},{"key":"485_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00587","volume":"11","author":"C Queir\u00f3s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Queir\u00f3s C, Passos F, B\u00e1rtolo A, Marques AJ, Da Silva CF, Pereira A. Burnout and stress measurement in police officers: literature review and a study with the operational police stress questionnaire. Front Phychol. 2020;11:587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00587","journal-title":"Front Phychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"485_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240902","volume":"15","author":"SA Stevelink","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stevelink SA, Opie E, Pernet D, Gao H, Elliott P, Wessely S, Fear NT, Hotopf M, Greenberg N. Probable PTSD, depression and anxiety in 40,299 Uk police officers and staff: prevalence, risk factors and associations with blood pressure. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0240902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240902","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-03-2019-0040","volume":"43","author":"S Wagner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wagner S, White N, Matthews LR, Randall C, Regehr C, White M, Alden LE, Buys N, Carey MG, Corneil W. Depression and anxiety in policework: a systematic review. Polic: An Int J. 2019;43(3):417\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/PIJPSM-03-2019-0040","journal-title":"Polic: An Int J"},{"issue":"5","key":"485_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050885","volume":"16","author":"S Garbarino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garbarino S, Guglielmi O, Puntoni M, Bragazzi NL, Magnavita N. Sleep quality among police officers: implications and insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health. 2019;16(5):885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16050885","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510310489476","volume":"26","author":"I Karlsson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karlsson I, Christianson S-\u00c5. The phenomenology of traumatic experiences in police work. Polic: An Int J Police Strategies Manag. 2003;26(3):419\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13639510310489476","journal-title":"Polic: An Int J Police Strategies Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR13","first-page":"165","volume":"11","author":"M Martin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martin M, Marchand A, Boyer R. Traumatic events in the workplace: impact on psychopathology and healthcare use of police officers. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2009;11(3):165\u201376","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-09-2018-0147","volume":"42","author":"E Velazquez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Velazquez E, Hernandez M. Effects of police officer exposure to traumatic experiences and recognizing the stigma associated with police officer mental health: a state-of-the-art review. Polic: An Int J. 2019;42(4):711\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/PIJPSM-09-2018-0147","journal-title":"Polic: An Int J"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/police\/paab065","volume":"16","author":"F Kuki\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuki\u0107 F, Streetman A, Koropanovski N, \u0106opi\u0107 N, Fayyad F, Gurevich K, Zaborova V, Krikheli N, Dopsaj M, Heinrich KM. Operational stress of police officers: a cross-sectional study in three countries with centralized, hierarchical organization. Polic: A J Policy Pract. 2022;16(1):95\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/police\/paab065","journal-title":"Polic: A J Policy Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24353","volume":"58","author":"B Qi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qi B, Wu Y. Operational police stress is associated with disordered eating in police officers. Int J Eat Disord. 2025;58(3):531\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.24353","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1108\/PIJPSM-01-2023-0004","volume":"46","author":"LD Baker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baker LD, Richardson E, Fuessel-Herrmann D, Ponder W, Smith A. Police burnout and organizational stress: job and rank associations. Polic: An Int J. 2023;46(4):682\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/PIJPSM-01-2023-0004","journal-title":"Polic: An Int J"},{"issue":"7","key":"485_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa141","volume":"70","author":"JF Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan JF, Andersen JP. Influence of organizational stress on reported depressive symptoms among police. Occup Med (chic Ill). 2020;70(7):496\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa141","journal-title":"Occup Med (chic Ill)"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2307\/258154","volume":"40","author":"IP Domingues","year":"2017","unstructured":"Domingues IP, Machado JC. The loosely coupled factors of organizational stress in police forces. Polic: An Int J Police Strategies Manag. 2017;40(4):657\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/258154","journal-title":"Polic: An Int J Police Strategies Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008","volume":"38","author":"JM Shane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shane JM. Organizational stressors and police performance. J Crim Justice. 2010;38(4):807\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"issue":"5","key":"485_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.5.992","volume":"50","author":"S Folkman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Folkman S, Lazarus RS, Dunkel-Schetter C, DeLongis A, Gruen RJ. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;50(5):992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.50.5.992","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"485_CR22","unstructured":"Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company; 1984. rE."},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv060","volume":"65","author":"D Acquadro Maran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Acquadro Maran D, Varetto A, Zedda M, Ieraci V. Occupational stress, anxiety and coping strategies in police officers. Occup Med (chic Ill). 2015;65(6):466\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqv060","journal-title":"Occup Med (chic Ill)"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010166","volume":"15","author":"D Acquadro Maran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Acquadro Maran D, Zedda M, Varetto A. Organizational and occupational stressors, their consequences and coping strategies: a questionnaire survey among Italian patrol police officers. Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health. 2018;15(1):166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15010166","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18030982","volume":"18","author":"C Civilotti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Civilotti C, Di Fini G, Maran DA. Trauma and coping strategies in police officers: a quantitative-qualitative pilot study. Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health. 2021;18(3):982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18030982","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health"},{"key":"485_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118539415.wbwell019","volume-title":"Work and wellbeing","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Job demands-resources theory. In: Chen PY, Cooper CL, editors. Work and wellbeing. Wiley Blackwell; 2014. p. 37\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118539415.wbwell019"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR27","first-page":"15","volume":"1","author":"MJ Fila","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fila MJ. The job demands, control, support model: where are we now. TKM Int J Res Manag. 2016;1(1):15\u201344","journal-title":"TKM Int J Res Manag"},{"key":"485_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1108\/S1479-3555(2010)0000008009","volume-title":"New developments in theoretical and conceptual approaches to job stress","author":"J Kain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kain J, Jex S. Karasek\u2019s (1979) job demands-control model: a summary of current issues and recommendations for future research. In: New developments in theoretical and conceptual approaches to job stress. Vol. 8. Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2010. p. 237\u201368"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-024-00444-3","volume":"19","author":"R Anders","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anders R, Frapsauce A, Sauvezon C, Gilibert D. Police officer occupational health: a model of organizational constraints, trauma exposure, perceived resources, and agency. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2024;19(1):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12995-024-00444-3","journal-title":"J Occup Med Toxicol"},{"key":"485_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-6684-3937-1.ch002","volume-title":"Handbook of research on the complexities and strategies of occupational stress","author":"G Margrove","year":"2022","unstructured":"Margrove G, Smith AP. The demands-resources-individual effects (drive) Model: past, present, and future research. In: Handbook of research on the complexities and strategies of occupational stress. IGI Global; 2022. p. 13\u201332"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2460090406","volume":"9","author":"BJ Evans","year":"1993","unstructured":"Evans BJ, Coman G, Stanley J, O. R, Burrows GD. Police officers\u2019 coping strategies: an Australian police survey. Stress Med. 1993;9(4):237\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.2460090406","journal-title":"Stress Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6","volume":"4","author":"CS Carver","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carver CS. You want to measure coping but your protocol\u2019s too long: consider the brief cope. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(1):92\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"485_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t07550-000","volume-title":"Big five inventory (bfi)","author":"OP John","year":"1991","unstructured":"John OP, Donahue EM, Kentle RL. Big five inventory (bfi). APA PsycTests; 1991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t07550-000"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00578.x","volume":"68","author":"PM Hart","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hart PM, Wearing AJ, Headey B. Police stress and well-being: integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences. J Occoup Organ Psychol. 1995;68(2):133\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00578.x","journal-title":"J Occoup Organ Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"485_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.04.006","volume":"41","author":"B Lau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lau B, Hem E, Berg AM, Ekeberg \u00d8, Torgersen S. Personality types, coping, and stress in the Norwegian police service. Pers Indiv Differ. 2006;41(5):971\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2006.04.006","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854806288708","volume":"34","author":"J Pienaar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pienaar J, Rothmann S, Van De Vijver FJR. Occupational stress, personality traits, coping strategies, and suicide ideation in the South African police service. Crim Justice Behav. 2007;34(2):246\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854806288708","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR37","first-page":"211","volume":"13","author":"TA Hartley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hartley TA, Burchfiel CM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Violanti JM. Health disparities in police officers: comparisons to the us general population. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2011;13(4):211","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Ment Health"},{"key":"485_CR38","unstructured":"Jeudy M. Shades of service: navigating racial diversity, mental health, and occupational stress among Black police officers. 2024 [PhD Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, Non\u2013peer reviewed]. Barnes & Noble Press"},{"key":"485_CR39","unstructured":"Perlow O. Role conflict among black police officers. 2008 [PhD Thesis, Howard University, Non\u2013peer reviewed]"},{"key":"485_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351142847-7","volume-title":"Women Police","author":"N He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He N, Zhao J, Archbold CA. Gender and police stress: the convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work-family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police officers. In: Women Police. Routledge; 2017. p. 151\u201372"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.02.015","volume":"23","author":"MM Lilly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lilly MM, Pole N, Best SR, Metzler T, Marmar CR. Gender and PTSD: what can we learn from female police officers? J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(6):767\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.02.015","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2015.1061312","volume":"78","author":"A Besser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Besser A, Weinberg M, Zeigler-Hill V, Ataria Y, Neria Y. Humor and trauma-related psychopathology among survivors of terror attacks and their spouses. Psychiatry. 2015;78(4):341\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00332747.2015.1061312","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X211018494","volume":"95","author":"BM Tuttle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tuttle BM, Merten MJ, Gardner B, Bishop AJ, Croff JM. Emotional distress among police academy recruits: humor and coping. The Police J: Theory, Pract And Princ. 2022;95(3):492\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0032258X211018494","journal-title":"The Police J: Theory, Pract And Princ"},{"key":"485_CR44","unstructured":"Coughlin JJ III. Gallows humor and its use among police officers. James Madison University\u2009ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, Non\u2013peer reviewed.\u20093044301. 2002. https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/e30ef2c2db18d700c857a1841957d957\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar%26cbl=18750%26diss=y"},{"key":"485_CR45","unstructured":"Roddy AL. Use of humor to cope with perceived job stress of police officers in the state of Ohio. 2022. https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/a8edddf3c21c56f1aca8221b931275f7\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar%26cbl=18750%26diss=y [PhD Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]"},{"key":"485_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kerkk\u00e4nen P, Kuiper NA, Martin RA. Sense of humor, physical health, and well-being at work: a three-year longitudinal study of Finnish police officers. Humor - Int J Humor Res. 2004;17(1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/humr.2004.006","DOI":"10.1515\/humr.2004.006"},{"key":"485_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00006","volume":"9","author":"W Ruch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruch W, Heintz S, Platt T, Wagner L, Proyer RT. Broadening humor: comic styles differentially tap into temperament, character, and ability. Front Phychol. 2018;9:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00006","journal-title":"Front Phychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.10013","volume":"19","author":"A Dionigi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dionigi A, Duradoni M, Vagnoli L. Understanding the association between humor and emotional distress: the role of light and dark humor in predicting depression, anxiety, and stress. Eur\u2019s J Phychol. 2023;19(4):358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5964\/ejop.10013","journal-title":"Eur\u2019s J Phychol"},{"key":"485_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuiper NA, Grimshaw M, Leite C, Kirsh G. Humor is not always the best medicine: specific components of sense of humor and psychological well-being. Humor - Int J Humor Res. 2004;17(1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/humr.2004.002","DOI":"10.1515\/humr.2004.002"},{"key":"485_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203749999","volume-title":"Introduction to multivariate analysis","author":"C Chatfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chatfield C. Introduction to multivariate analysis. New York: Routledge; 2018"},{"key":"485_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203843130","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences","author":"JP Stevens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stevens JP. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Routledge; 2012"},{"key":"485_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss D, Marmar C W: Wilson J., Keane T, red. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A handbook for practitioners. New York: Guildford Press; 1997). The Impact of Event Scale\u2014Revised","DOI":"10.1037\/t12199-000"},{"key":"485_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weiss DS. The impact of event scale: revised. In: Wilson JP, Tang CS, editors. Cross-cultural assessment of psychological trauma and PTSD. Springer US; 2007. p. 219\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-70990-1_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70990-1_10"},{"key":"485_CR54","first-page":"130","volume-title":"Diagnostica","author":"A Maercker","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maercker A, Sch\u00fctzwohl M. Erfassung von psychischen Belastungsfolgen: die Impact of Event Skala-revidierte Version (IES-R) [Assessment of post-traumatic stress reactions: the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R)]. In: Diagnostica. Vol. 44(3)1998. p. 130\u201341"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759.19.1.12","volume":"19","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Vardakou I, Kantas A. The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: a multitrait-multimethod analysis. Eur J Psychological Assess. 2003;19(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759.19.1.12","journal-title":"Eur J Psychological Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983;67(6):361\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"485_CR57","volume-title":"Hospital anxiety and depression scale-deutsche version (HADS-D)","author":"C Herrmann-Lingen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herrmann-Lingen C, Buss U, Snaith P. Hospital anxiety and depression scale-deutsche version (HADS-D). Bern, Switzerland: Huber; 2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3","volume":"52","author":"I Bjelland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: an updated literature review. J Educ Chang Psychosomatic Res. 2002;52(2):69\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3","journal-title":"J Educ Chang Psychosomatic Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.13.4.494","volume":"13","author":"DR McCreary","year":"2006","unstructured":"McCreary DR, Thompson MM. Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: the operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. Int J Stress Manag. 2006;13(4):494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1072-5245.13.4.494","journal-title":"Int J Stress Manag"},{"issue":"19","key":"485_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6831","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20196831","volume":"20","author":"L Willemin-Petignat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Willemin-Petignat L, Anders R, Ogi S, Putois B. Validation and psychometric properties of the German operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health. 2023;20(19):6831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20196831","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Pub Health And Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2017.1363965","volume":"18","author":"DR McCreary","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCreary DR, Fong I, Groll DL. Measuring policing stress meaningfully: establishing norms and cut-off values for the operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. Police Pract Res. 2017;18(6):612\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15614263.2017.1363965","journal-title":"Police Pract Res"},{"key":"485_CR62","first-page":"366","volume-title":"B.H.Stamm(Ed.), measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation","author":"BL Green","year":"1996","unstructured":"Green BL. TraumaHistory Questionnaire. In: B.H.Stamm(Ed.), measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press; 1996. p. 366\u201369"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2011.572035","volume":"16","author":"LM Hooper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hooper LM, Stockton P, Krupnick JL, Green BL. Development, use, and psychometric properties of the trauma history questionnaire. J Loss Trauma. 2011;16(3):258\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325024.2011.572035","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"485_CR64","unstructured":"Maercker A. Deutsche \u00dcbersetzung des Trauma History Questionnaire. Deutsche \u00dcbersetzung Des Trauma Hist Questionnaire. 2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/per.546","volume":"19","author":"N Knoll","year":"2005","unstructured":"Knoll N, Rieckmann N, Schwarzer R. Coping as a mediator between personality and stress outcomes: a longitudinal study with cataract surgery patients. Eur J Pers. 2005;19(3):229\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/per.546","journal-title":"Eur J Pers"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","volume":"41","author":"B Rammstedt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rammstedt B, John OP. Measuring personality in one minute or less: a 10-item short version of the big five inventory in English and German. J Res Personality. 2007;41(1):203\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","journal-title":"J Res Personality"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amp.2009.09.003","volume":"168","author":"O Plaisant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Plaisant O, Courtois R, R\u00e9veill\u00e8re C, Mendelsohn GA, John OP. Validation par analyse factorielle du Big Five Inventory fran\u00e7ais (BFI-Fr). Analyse convergente avec le NEO-PI-R. Ann M\u00e9dico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique. 2010;168(2):97\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amp.2009.09.003","journal-title":"Ann M\u00e9dico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique"},{"key":"485_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1593511","volume-title":"Python 3 reference manual","author":"G Van Rossum","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Rossum G, Drake F. Python 3 reference manual. CreateSpace; 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/1593511"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","volume":"17","author":"P Virtanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virtanen P, Gommers R, Oliphant TE, Haberland M, Reddy T, Cournapeau D, Burovski E, Peterson P, Weckesser W, Bright J. SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nat Methods. 2020;17(3):261\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"485_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seobold S, Perktold J. Statsmodels: econometric and statistical modeling with python. 9th Python in Science Conference. 2010","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"key":"485_CR71","unstructured":"Biggs J, Madnani N. Factor-analyzer module for Python. Computer software. 2022]. Educational Testing Service"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2021.1910037","volume":"28","author":"I Persson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Persson I, Khojasteh J. Python packages for exploratory factor analysis. Struct Equation Modeling: A Multidiscip J. 2021;28(6):983\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2021.1910037","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling: A Multidiscip J"},{"issue":"31","key":"485_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","volume":"3","author":"R Vallat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vallat R. Pingouin: statistics in Python. J Open Source Softw. 2018;3(31):1026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01026","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"485_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12691\/amp-5-3-2","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48:1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12691\/amp-5-3-2","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"485_CR75","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2021. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/87.4.954","volume":"87","author":"I-K Yeo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yeo I-K, Johnson RA. A new family of power transformations to improve normality or symmetry. Biometrika. 2000;87(4):954\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/87.4.954","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"8","key":"485_CR77","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"H Abdi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdi H. Holm\u2019s sequential bonferroni procedure. Encycl Res Des. 2010;1(8):1\u20138","journal-title":"Encycl Res Des"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1460","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1460","volume":"11","author":"JE Cavanaugh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cavanaugh JE, Neath AA. The akaike information criterion: background, derivation, properties, application, interpretation, and refinements. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat. 2019;11(3):e1460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wics.1460","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Stat"},{"key":"485_CR79","volume-title":"Akaike information criterion statistics","author":"Y Sakamoto","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sakamoto Y, Ishiguro M, Kitagawa G. Akaike information criterion statistics. Springer Netherland; 1986"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2307\/1268249","volume":"19","author":"RD Cook","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cook RD. Detection of influential observation in linear regression. Technometrics. 1977;19(1):15\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1268249","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/03610919608813337","volume":"25","author":"C Kim","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kim C, Storer BE. Reference values for Cook\u2019s distance. Commun Stat-Simul Computation. 1996;25(3):691\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03610919608813337","journal-title":"Commun Stat-Simul Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(99)00047-7","volume":"50","author":"R De Maesschalck","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Maesschalck R, Jouan-Rimbaud D, Massart DL. The mahalanobis distance. Chemom Intell Lab Syst. 2000;50(1):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-7439(99)00047-7","journal-title":"Chemom Intell Lab Syst"},{"key":"485_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng Z, Zou C, Dong J. Outlier detection using isolation forest and local outlier factor. Proceedings of the Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems. 2019, 161\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3338840.3355641","DOI":"10.1145\/3338840.3355641"},{"key":"485_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miles J. Tolerance and variance inflation factor. Encycl Stat Behavioral Sci. 2005","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013192.bsa683"},{"key":"485_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315755649-33","volume-title":"The reviewer\u2019s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences","author":"RO Mueller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mueller RO, Hancock GR. Structural equation modeling. In: The reviewer\u2019s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences. Routledge; 2018. p. 445\u201356"},{"key":"485_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullman JB, Bentler PM. Structural equation modeling. Handb Phychol, Second Ed. 2012;2","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118133880.hop202023"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.561068","volume":"46","author":"J Pek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pek J, MacCallum RC. Sensitivity analysis in structural equation models: cases and their influence. Multivar Behav Res. 2011;46(2):202\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00273171.2011.561068","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903203573","volume":"16","author":"CG Forero","year":"2009","unstructured":"Forero CG, Maydeu-Olivares A, Gallardo-Pujol D. Factor analysis with ordinal indicators: a Monte Carlo study comparing DWLS and ULS estimation. Struct Equation Modeling. 2009;16(4):625\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705510903203573","journal-title":"Struct Equation Modeling"},{"key":"485_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen M. Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. 7th European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies. 2008, 195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21427\/D79B73., 2008","DOI":"10.21427\/D79B73"},{"key":"485_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wagner SL, White N, Fyfe T, Matthews LR, Randall C, Regehr C, White M, Alden LE, Buys N, Carey MG, Corneil W, Fraess-Phillips A, Krutop E, Fleischmann MH. Systematic review of posttraumatic stress disorder in police officers following routine work-related critical incident exposure. Am J Ind Med. 2020;63(7):600\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.23120","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23120"},{"issue":"1","key":"485_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00534-2","volume":"37","author":"RA Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin RA, Puhlik-Doris P, Larsen G, Gray J, Weir K. Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: development of the humor styles questionnaire. J Res Personality. 2003;37(1):48\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00534-2","journal-title":"J Res Personality"},{"issue":"8","key":"485_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2023.2244128","volume":"157","author":"CM Kokkinos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kokkinos CM, Koutsospyros A. The moderating role of university students\u2019 humor styles on the association between general mental health and subjective well-being. J Psychol. 2023;157(8):473\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980.2023.2244128","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12432","volume":"59","author":"M Schneider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schneider M, Voracek M, Tran US. \u201cA joke a day keeps the doctor away?\u201d Meta-analytical evidence of differential associations of habitual humor styles with mental health. Scand J Psychol. 2018;59(3):289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.12432","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"485_CR94","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Evaluating stress: a book of resources","author":"C Maslach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory. In: Zalaquett CP, Wood RJ, editors. Evaluating stress: a book of resources. Third. Scarecrow Education; 1997. p. 191\u2013218","edition":"Third"},{"issue":"6","key":"485_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217699583","volume":"43","author":"HL Fritz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fritz HL, Russek LN, Dillon MM. Humor use moderates the relation of stressful life events with psychological distress. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2017;43(6):845\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167217699583","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"485_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13020179","volume":"13","author":"L Simione","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simione L, Gnagnarella C. Humor coping reduces the positive relationship between avoidance coping strategies and perceived stress: a moderation analysis. Behavioral Sci. 2023;13(2):179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs13020179","journal-title":"Behavioral Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"485_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v6i3.214","volume":"6","author":"A Cann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cann A, Stilwell K, Taku K. Humor styles, positive personality and health. Eur\u2019s J Phychol. 2010;6(3):213\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5964\/ejop.v6i3.214","journal-title":"Eur\u2019s J Phychol"},{"key":"485_CR98","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Humor and health promotion","author":"P Gremigni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gremigni P. Humor and mental health. In: Gremigni P, editor. Humor and health promotion. Nova Biomedical Books; 2012. p. 173\u201388"},{"issue":"4","key":"485_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.5977\/jkasne.2014.20.4.558","volume":"20","author":"E Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong E. The mediating effect of humor on the relationship between perceived stress and depression in college students. J Sport Hist Of Korean Academic Soc Of Nurs Educ. 2014;20(4):558\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5977\/jkasne.2014.20.4.558","journal-title":"J Sport Hist Of Korean Academic Soc Of Nurs Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"485_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2015.1042187","volume":"24","author":"SW Craun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Craun SW, Bourke ML. Is laughing at the expense of victims and offenders a red flag? Humor and secondary traumatic stress. J Child Sexual Abuse. 2015;24(5):592\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10538712.2015.1042187","journal-title":"J Child Sexual Abuse"}],"container-title":["Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12995-025-00485-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12995-025-00485-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12995-025-00485-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T07:51:56Z","timestamp":1763625116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/occup-med.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12995-025-00485-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12995-025-00485-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was validated by the relevant Swiss research ethics committee, known as \u201cZentrum f\u00fcr Ausbildung der Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Psychologie\u201d (FHNW), reference no. EAL22030.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed that their responses were fully anonymous and that they could withdraw from the survey at any time. Participants were provided with the contact information of the experimenter to ask any follow-up questions or request the deletion of their data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41"}}