{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:05:35Z","timestamp":1780923935648,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagn Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Vitiligo is a chronic dermatological condition characterized by the progressive loss of melanocytes, for which traditional therapy has shown limited efficacy. This study aimed to establish a vitiligo model with easy operability, high repeatability, and stable depigmentation to provide a foundation for studying the pathogenesis and developing novel therapies for vitiligo.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>(1) Establishing vitiligo model: Firstly, deliver B16F10 cells to the back skin of C57BL\/6\u00a0J via intradermal injection (day 0), and the CD4 depletion antibody was injected intraperitoneally on day 4 and 10. Secondly, the melanoma was surgically removed on day 12. Thirdly, CD8 antibody was administered intraperitoneally every fourth day till day 30. (2) Identification of vitiligo model: H&amp;E staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the melanocytes. The melanin was detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Lillie ferrous sulfate staining and L-DOPA staining.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>(1) The back skin and hair began to appear white on day 30. Melanin loss reached peak on day 60; (2) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed melanocytes were reduced. L-DOPA staining, Lillie ferrous sulfate staining and TEM results showed that melanin decreased in the epidermis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We successfully establishment a vitiligo mouse model which can be more capable to simulate the pathogenesis of human vitiligo and provide an important basis for the study of pathogenesis and therapy of vitiligo.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-024-01520-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T13:03:47Z","timestamp":1720011827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Establishment of a promising vitiligo mouse model for pathogenesis and treatment studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ruirui","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"610","key":"1520_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd8995","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd8995","volume":"13","author":"KJ Gellatly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gellatly KJ, Strassner JP, Essien K, et al. scRNA-seq of human vitiligo reveals complex networks of subclinical immune activation and a role for CCR1 in Treg function. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(610):eabd8995.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"1520_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109925","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1109925","volume":"14","author":"Z Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma Z, Cai M, Yang K, et al. Predicting the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo: development and assessment of a new predictive nomogram. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1109925.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1520_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624517","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.624517","volume":"12","author":"EL Katz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katz EL, Harris JE. Translational research in vitiligo. Front Immunol. 2021;12:624517.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1520_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-1738","volume":"10","author":"L Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo L, Yang Y, Ding H, et al. A deep learning-based hybrid artificial intelligence model for the detection and severity assessment of vitiligo lesions. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10(10):590.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"1520_CR5","first-page":"256","volume":"37","author":"XY Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang XY, Du J, Xu QX, et al. Update of animal models of vitiligo. China J Leprosy Skin Dis. 2021;37(04):256\u20139.","journal-title":"China J Leprosy Skin Dis"},{"key":"1520_CR6","first-page":"846100","volume":"9","author":"J Sorrick","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sorrick J, Huett W, Byrne KA, et al. Immune activities in choroids of visually impaired smyth chickens with autoimmune vitiligo. Front Med(Lausanne). 2022;9:846100.","journal-title":"Front Med(Lausanne)"},{"issue":"11","key":"1520_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17361","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c05321","volume":"15","author":"MC Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun MC, Xu XL, Du Y, et al. Biomimetic melanosomes promote orientation-selective delivery and melanocyte pigmentation in the H2O2-induced vitiligo mouse model. ACS Nano. 2021;15(11):17361\u201374.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1520_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie B, Zhu Y, Shen Y, et al. Treatment update for vitiligo based on autoimmune inhibition and melanocyte protection. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2023;27(3):189\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2193329"},{"key":"1520_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866703","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.866703","volume":"13","author":"K Fukuda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukuda K. Networks of CD8+T cell response activation in melanoma and vitiligo. Front Immunol. 2022;13:866703.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1520_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13538","volume":"167","author":"PS Giri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Giri PS, Bharti AH, Begum R, et al. Calcium controlled NFATc1 activation enhances suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells isolated from generalized vitiligo patients. Immunology. 2022;167(3):314\u201327.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"1520_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz EL, Harris JE. Translational Research in Vitiligo. Front Immunol. 2021;12:624517.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.624517"},{"issue":"7891","key":"1520_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04221-8","volume":"601","author":"Z Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu Z, Chen D, Hu Y, et al. Anatomically distinct fibroblast subsets determine skin autoimmune patterns. Nature. 2022;601(7891):118\u201324.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"1520_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14490","volume":"46","author":"MS Al Abadie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Abadie MS, Gawkrodger DJ. Integrating neuronal involvement into the immune and genetic paradigm of vitiligo[J]. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;46(4):646\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1520_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.52768\/2766-7820\/2001","volume":"3","author":"YI Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao YI, Kang G, Zhang RZ. Research status of vitiligo models. J Clin Images Med Case Rep. 2022;3(8):2001.","journal-title":"J Clin Images Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"3 Pt A","key":"1520_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.10.016","volume":"142","author":"WT Frantz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frantz WT, Ceol CJ. Research techniques made simple: zebrafish models for human dermatologic disease. 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Medicine(Baltimore). 2022;101(46):e31833.","journal-title":"Medicine(Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Diagnostic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13000-024-01520-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13000-024-01520-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13000-024-01520-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T13:07:07Z","timestamp":1720012027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diagnosticpathology.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13000-024-01520-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13000-024-01520-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-1596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-1596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"92"}}