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Additional permissions were obtained from the Armauer Hansen Research Institute and the Habru District Administration. Prior to any data collection, oral informed consent was obtained from all participants. The decision to use oral consent was based on the local context, where a significant proportion of informants were non-literate and oral traditions are the primary mode of information exchange. Written consent would have created barriers to participation and was deemed culturally inappropriate. The consent process was conducted in the local language (Amharic) as follows: each potential informant was informed about (1) the purpose of the research, (2) the voluntary nature of their participation, (3) their right to withdraw at any time without consequence, (4) how the information would be used (academic publication and archiving at the National Herbarium), and (5) measures taken to ensure confidentiality (anonymization of personal identifiers in all records). After this explanation, informants were asked whether they agreed to participate. Verbal agreement was documented in field notebooks, with each informant\u2019s consent recorded by date and the interviewer\u2019s initials. For key informants and focus group discussion participants, additional verbal consent was obtained before each session. All informants were assured that their participation was voluntary and that declining to participate would not affect their standing in the community or their access to any services. The research adhered to the ethical guidelines for ethnobiological research, including the International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics (2010) and the principles outlined by the American Anthropological Association.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical consideration on approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"72"}}