{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:17:04Z","timestamp":1778203024209,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aims to examine the availability of subscales in the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) originally proposed by Newman and the possibility of other useful subscales. We also examine whether each item of the THI could be used to better understand the status of patients with tinnitus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study included 1332 patients who answered the THI on their first visit. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to the 25 items of the THI to confirm the usefulness of the emotional, functional, and catastrophic subscales. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to discover the availability of other suitable subscales in addition to the proposed subscales. The proportion of patients who chose \u201cyes\u201d in each item of the THI was also examined to understand the status of patients with tinnitus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In the confirmatory factor analysis, the emotional, functional, and catastrophic subscales did not fit the model. In the exploratory factor analysis, data were extremely biased to one factor. Examination of each item of the\u00a0THI showed the tendency of worsening of comorbid symptoms when tinnitus handicap became worse.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>As a result of the factor analysis, only the total score, not any subscale, would be clinically useful in the THI. Examination of each item of the THI was helpful to understand the status of patients with tinnitus and comorbid symptoms of tinnitus. It is necessary to consider treatment by taking these comorbid symptoms into account.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00217-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T05:03:58Z","timestamp":1583557438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Factor analysis and evaluation of each item of the tinnitus handicap inventory"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Satoko","family":"Wakabayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8204-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiichi","family":"Shinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"217_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","volume":"122","author":"CW Newman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB. 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No animals are involved.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Detail of this clinical research was displayed at a consultation room and oral consent was collected from all participants. We notified the research subjects, or made public information concerning the research including the purpose of collection and utilization of research information, and that there is an opportunity to refuse participation or remove their data from the study after commencement. This information was also documented in each patient\u2019s chart. For all participants who were under 20\u2009years of age, we received consent from the parents or legal gardians. All patients consented to use of their data for future studies. Data were anonymized at the time of collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4"}}