{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:45:08Z","timestamp":1791225908724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum M\u00fcnster"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forensic age assessment in the living can provide legal certainty when an individual\u2019s chronological age is unknown or when age-related information is questionable. An established method involves assessing the eruption of mandibular third molars through dental panoramic radiographs (PAN). In age assessment procedures, the respective findings are compared to reference data. The objective of this study was to generate new reference data in line with the required standards for mandibular third molar eruption within a German population. For this purpose, 605 PANs from 302 females and 303 males aged 15.04 to 25.99 years were examined. The PANs were acquired between 2013 and 2020, and the development of the mandibular third molars was rated independently by two experienced examiners using the Olze et al. staging scale from 2012. In case of disagreement in the assigned ratings, a consensus was reached through arbitration. While the mean, median and minimum ages were observed to increase with each stage of mandibular third molar eruption according to the Olze method, there was considerable overlap in the distribution of age between the stages. The minimum age for stage D, which corresponds to complete tooth eruption, was 16.1 years for females and 17.1 years for males. Thus, the completion of mandibular third molar eruption was found in both sexes before reaching the age of 18. In all individuals who had at least one tooth with completed eruption and who were younger than 17.4 years of age (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910), mineralization of the teeth in question was not complete. Based on our findings, the feature of assessing mandibular third molar eruption in PAN cannot be relied upon for determining age of majority.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-024-00431-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T05:02:12Z","timestamp":1715317332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Third molar eruption in dental panoramic radiographs as a feature for forensic age assessment \u2013 new reference data from a German population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7717-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Timme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Viktorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2068-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurin","family":"Steffens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Streeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3014-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schmeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kreiborg S, Jensen BL. Tooth formation and eruption - lessons learnt from cleidocranial dysplasia. Eur J Oral Sci 126 Suppl. 2018;172\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eos.12418.","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12418"},{"key":"431_CR2","volume-title":"Textbook and color atlas of tooth impactions: diagnosis, treatment, prevention","author":"JO Andreasen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Andreasen JO, Petersen JK, Laskin DM. Textbook and color atlas of tooth impactions: diagnosis, treatment, prevention. St Louis, Mo: Mosby Year Book Inc.; 1997."},{"key":"431_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2015.08.013","volume":"36","author":"G Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts G, McDonald F, Andiappan M, Lucas VS. Dental Age Estimation (DAE): data management for tooth development stages including the third molar. Appropriate censoring of stage H, the final stage of tooth development. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015;36:177\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2015.08.013.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"431_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102505","volume":"96","author":"G Roberts","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roberts G, Lucas VS, Camilleri S, Jayaraman J, Kasper KA, Lewis JM. Questions of logic in Atlas methods of dental age estimation. J Forensic Leg Med. 2023;96:102505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102505.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.07.007","volume":"43","author":"J Jayaraman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jayaraman J, Wong HM, King NM, Roberts GJ. Development of a Reference Data Set (RDS) for dental age estimation (DAE) and testing of this with a separate Validation Set (VS) in a southern Chinese population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2016;43:26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.07.007.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"431_CR6","unstructured":"M\u00fcller N. Zur Altersbestimmung Beim Menschen unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung Der Weisheitsz\u00e4hne. Med Diss Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg; 1990."},{"key":"431_CR7","first-page":"67","volume":"12","author":"R Almonaitiene","year":"2010","unstructured":"Almonaitiene R, Balciuniene I, Tutkuviene J. Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one\u2013general factors. Stomatologija. 2010;12:67\u201372.","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"431_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044","volume":"113","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Dettmeyer R, Rudolf E, Vieth V, Geserick G. Forensic age estimation. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113:44\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0044.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"431_CR9","volume-title":"World Migration Report 2022","year":"2021","unstructured":"McAuliffe M, Triandafyllidou A, editors. World Migration Report 2022. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM); 2021."},{"key":"431_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03008-y","volume":"137","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Tian Z, Wen D, Qu W, Xu R, Liu Y, Jia H, Tang X, Li J, Zha L, Liu Y. Preliminary study on genetic factors related to Demirjian\u2019s tooth age estimation method based on genome-wide association analysis. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:1161\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03008-y.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02958-7","volume":"137","author":"P Wesp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wesp P, Sabel BO, Mittermeier A, St\u00fcber AT, Jeblick K, Schinke P, M\u00fchlmann M, Fischer F, Penning R, Ricke J, Ingrisch M, Schachtner BM. Automated localization of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilages using an object detection network: a step towards deep learning-based forensic age assessment. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:733\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02958-7.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03011-3","volume":"137","author":"CP Pereira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pereira CP, Santos R, Nushi V, Lameiro MV, Antunes P, Carvalho R, Major T, AlQahtani SJ. Dental age assessment: scoring systems and models from the past until the present-how is it presented in the court? Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:1497\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03011-3.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02930-x","volume":"137","author":"N Angelakopoulos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angelakopoulos N, De Luca S, Oliveira-Santos I, Ribeiro ILA, Bianchi I, Balla SB, Kis HC, Jim\u00e9nez LG, Zolotenkova G, Yusof MYP, Selmanagi\u0107 AH, Pandey H, Pereira PC, da N\u00f3brega JBM, Kalani H, Mieke SM, Kumagai A, Gulsahi A, Zeli\u0107 K, Marinkovi\u0107 N, Kelmendi J, Gali\u0107 I, V\u00e1zquez IS, Spinas E, Velezmoro-Montes YW, Moukarzel M, Toledo JP, El-Bakary AAE-S, Cameriere R. Third molar maturity index (I3M) assessment according to different geographical zones: a large multi-ethnic study sample. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:403\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02930-x.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03010-4","volume":"137","author":"MS Gurses","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gurses MS, Has B, Altinsoy HB, Suzen HS. Evaluation of distal tibial epiphysis and calcaneal epiphysis according to the Vieth method in 3.0 T magnetic resonance images: a pilot study. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:1181\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03010-4.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02960-z","volume":"137","author":"N Vila-Blanco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vila-Blanco N, Varas-Quintana P, Tom\u00e1s I, Carreira MJ. A systematic overview of dental methods for age assessment in living individuals: from traditional to artificial intelligence-based approaches. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:1117\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02960-z.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-022-02927-6","volume":"137","author":"N Chitavishvili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chitavishvili N, Papageorgiou I, Malich A, Hahnemann ML, Mall G, Mentzel HJ, Wittschieber D. The distal femoral epiphysis in forensic age diagnostics: studies on the evaluation of the ossification process by means of T1- and PD\/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:427\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-022-02927-6.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03110-1","author":"PSP de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo PSP, Pinto PHV, da Silva RHA. Age estimation in adults by canine teeth: a systematic review of the Cameriere method with meta-analysis on the reliability of the pulp\/tooth area ratio. Int J Legal Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03110-1.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-03067-1","volume":"137","author":"S Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo S, Fan F, Zhang XT, Liu AJ, Lin YS, Cheng ZQ, Song CX, Wang JJ, Deng ZH, Zhan MJ. Forensic age estimation in adults by pubic bone mineral density using multidetector computed tomography. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:1527\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-03067-1.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935-023-00360-3","volume":"13","author":"R Merdietio Boedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Merdietio Boedi R, M\u00e2nica S, Franco A. Sixty years of research in dental age estimation: a bibliometric study. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2023;13:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41935-023-00360-3.","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"431_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2","volume":"122","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Grundmann C, Fuhrmann A, Kaatsch HJ, Knell B, Ramsthaler F, Reisinger W, Riepert T, Ritz-Timme S, R\u00f6sing FW, R\u00f6tzscher K, Geserick G. Criteria for age estimation in living individuals. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122:457\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-008-0254-2.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21258","volume":"142","author":"SJ AlQahtani","year":"2010","unstructured":"AlQahtani SJ, Hector MP, Liversidge HM. Brief communication: the London atlas of human tooth development and eruption. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;142:481\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.21258.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"431_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-010-0703-3","volume":"20","author":"B Gelbrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gelbrich B, Lessig R, Lehmann M, Dannhauer KH, Gelbrich G. Altersselektion in Referenzstichproben: Auswirkung auf die forensische Alterssch\u00e4tzung. Rechtsmedizin. 2010;20:459\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00194-010-0703-3.","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"431_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110689","volume":"320","author":"M Cummaudo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cummaudo M, De Angelis D, Magli F, Min\u00e0 G, Merelli V, Cattaneo C. Age estimation in the living: a scoping review of population data for skeletal and dental methods. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;320:110689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110689.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"431_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24790","volume":"182","author":"V Sgheiza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sgheiza V, Liversidge HM. The effect of reference sample composition and size on dental age interval estimates. Am J Biol Anthropol. 2023;182:82\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24790.","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"431_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roberts G, Lucas VS. (2021) Is the Demirjian, Goldstein, and Tanner Method of Dental Age Estimation obsolete? A critical review and re-assessment. Insights Anthropol 5:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36959\/763\/519.","DOI":"10.36959\/763\/519"},{"key":"431_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.02.008","volume":"15","author":"A Olze","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olze A, Peschke C, Schulz R, Schmeling A. Studies of the chronological course of wisdom tooth eruption in a German population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2008;15:426\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.02.008.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"431_CR27","first-page":"145","volume":"229","author":"A Olze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olze A, Peschke C, Schulz R, Schmeling A. [Application of a modified stage classification in evaluating wisdom tooth eruption in a German population]. Arch Kriminol. 2012;229:145\u201353.","journal-title":"Arch Kriminol"},{"key":"431_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.26575\/daj.v26i3.52","volume":"26","author":"SE Willmot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Willmot SE, Hector MP, Liversidge HM. Accuracy of estimating age from eruption levels of mandibular teeth. DAJ. 2018;26:56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26575\/daj.v26i3.52.","journal-title":"DAJ"},{"key":"431_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-023-02982-7","volume":"137","author":"M Timme","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timme M, Viktorov J, Steffens L, Streeter A, Karch A, Schmeling A. Third molar eruption in orthopantomograms as a feature for forensic age assessment-a comparison study of different classification systems. Int J Legal Med. 2023;137:765\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-023-02982-7.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR30","unstructured":"Archer WH. (1955) Die Chirurgie des Mundes und der Z\u00e4hne. Medica. Stuttgart. Germany."},{"key":"431_CR31","unstructured":"Wolf H, Haunfelder D. (1960) Zahn\u00e4rztliche Mundchirurgie f\u00fcr Studierende der Zahnheilkunde. Berlinische Verlagsanstalt. Berlin. Germany."},{"key":"431_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-01991-1","volume":"133","author":"A Gambier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gambier A, R\u00e9rolle C, Faisant M, Lemarchand J, Par\u00e9 A, Saint-Martin P. Contribution of third molar eruption to the estimation of the forensic age of living individuals. Int J Legal Med. 2019;133:625\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-018-01991-1.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.05.018","volume":"59","author":"YC Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo YC, Yan C, Lin X, Zhou H, Pan F, Wei L, Tang Z, Liang F, Chen T. Studies of the chronological course of third molars eruption in a northern Chinese population. Arch Oral Biol. 2014;59:906\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.05.018.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"431_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00534.x","volume":"52","author":"A Olze","year":"2007","unstructured":"Olze A, van Niekerk P, Schulz R, Schmeling A. Studies of the chronological course of wisdom tooth eruption in a black African population. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:1161\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00534.x.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"431_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2003.09.005","volume":"6","author":"A Olze","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olze A, Taniguchi M, Schmeling A, Zhu BL, Yamada Y, Maeda H, Geserick G. Studies on the chronology of third molar mineralization in a Japanese population. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2004;6:73\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2003.09.005.","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"431_CR36","first-page":"32","volume":"28","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Olze A, Pynn BR, Kraul V, Schulz R, Heinecke A, Pfeiffer H. Dental age estimation based on third molar eruption in First Nation people of Canada. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2010;28:32\u20138.","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"431_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-012-0773-8","volume":"126","author":"B Karadayi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karadayi B, Kaya A, Kolusay\u0131n MO, Karadayi S, Afsin H, Ozaslan A. Radiological age estimation: based on third molar mineralization and eruption in Turkish children and young adults. Int J Legal Med. 2012;126:933\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-012-0773-8.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/jfo.jfds_34_19","volume":"11","author":"AM Kutesa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kutesa AM, Rwenyonyi CM, Mwesigwa CL, Muhammad M, Nabaggala GS, Kalyango J. Dental age estimation using radiographic assessment of third molar eruption among 10-20-year-old Ugandan population. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2019;11:16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfo.jfds_34_19.","journal-title":"J Forensic Dent Sci"},{"key":"431_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330180202","volume":"18","author":"WK Chagula","year":"1960","unstructured":"Chagula WK. The age at eruption of third permanent molars in male East africans. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1960;18:77\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330180202.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"431_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468500008091","volume":"12","author":"J Hassanali","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hassanali J. The third permanent molar eruption in Kenyan africans and asians. Ann Hum Biol. 1985;12:517\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03014468500008091.","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"431_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595x.1997.tb00787.x","volume":"47","author":"OD Otuyemi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Otuyemi OD, Ugboko VI, Ndukwe KC, Adekoya-Sofowora CA. Eruption times of third molars in young rural nigerians. Int Dent J. 1997;47:266\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1875-595x.1997.tb00787.x.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"431_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s001940100098","volume":"11","author":"A Schmeling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmeling A, Olze A, Reisinger W, Geserick G. Der Einfluss Der Ethnie auf die bei strafrechtlichen Alterssch\u00e4tzungen Untersuchten Merkmale. Rechtsmedizin. 2001;11:78\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001940100098.","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"431_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-007-0171-9","volume":"121","author":"A Olze","year":"2007","unstructured":"Olze A, van Niekerk P, Ishikawa T, Zhu BL, Schulz R, Maeda H, Schmeling A. Comparative study on the effect of ethnicity on wisdom tooth eruption. Int J Legal Med. 2007;121:445\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-007-0171-9.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"431_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10090171","volume":"10","author":"S Ishwarkumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishwarkumar S, Pillay P, Chetty M, Satyapal KS. Employing the London Atlas in the Age Estimation of a Select South African Population. Dentistry J. 2022;10:171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/dj10090171.","journal-title":"Dentistry J"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00431-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00431-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00431-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T05:04:03Z","timestamp":1715317443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/head-face-med.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00431-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00431-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All examinations were performed with the approval of the responsible ethics committee of the Medical Association Westfalen-Lippe and the University of M\u00fcnster (AZ 2020-038-f-S), and in accordance with national law.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Patient consent was waived due to the entirely anonymized and retrospective evaluation of the data. The procedure was approved by the responsible ethics committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"29"}}