{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:12:12Z","timestamp":1791529932111,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Universit\u00e4t des Saarlandes"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Since many different conclusions of craniofacial anomalies and their relation to the posterior airway space coexist, this comparative clinical study investigated the palatal morphology concerning volumetric size, posterior airway space dimension and the adenoids of patients with and without a cleft before orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three-dimensional intraoral scans and cephalometric radiographs of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200938 patients were used for data acquisition. The patients were divided into three groups: unilateral cleft lip and palate (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915, 4 female, 11 male; mean age 8.57\u2009\u00b1\u20091.79 years), bilateral cleft lip and palate (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098, 0 female, 8 male; mean age 8.46\u2009\u00b1\u20091.37 years) and non-cleft control (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915, 7 female, 8 male; mean age 9.03\u2009\u00b1\u20091.02 years). The evaluation included established procedures for measurements of the palatal morphology and posterior airway space. Statistics included Shapiro-Wilk-Test and simple ANOVA (Bonferroni) for the three-dimensional intraoral scans and cephalometric radiographs. The level of significance was set at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The palatal volume and cephalometric analysis showed differences between the three groups. The palatal volume, the superior posterior face height and the depth of the bony nasopharynx of patients with cleft lip and palate were significantly smaller than for non-cleft control patients. The superior posterior face height of bilateral cleft lip and palate patients was significantly smaller than in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients (BCLP: 35.50\u2009\u00b1\u20092.08\u00a0mm; UCLP: 36.04\u2009\u00b1\u20092.95\u00a0mm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The percentage of the adenoids in relation to the entire nasopharynx and the angle NL\/SN were significantly bigger in patients with cleft lip and palate than in the non-cleft control. In particular, the palatal volume was 32.43% smaller in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and 48.69% smaller in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate compared to the non-cleft control.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Skeletal anomalies relate to the dimension of the posterior airway space. There were differences among the subjects with cleft lip and palate and these without a cleft. This study showed that the morphology of the palate and especially transverse deficiency of the maxilla resulting in smaller palatal volume relates to the posterior airway space. Even the adenoids seem to be affected, especially for cleft lip and palate patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-024-00440-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T11:35:30Z","timestamp":1722512130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Three-dimensional analysis of palatal morphology and PAS in patients with cleft lip and palate prior to orthodontic treatment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maike","family":"Tabellion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1602-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg Alexander","family":"Lisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.08.012","volume":"12","author":"ECP Ambrosio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ambrosio ECP, Sforza C, De Menezes M, Gibelli D, Codari M, Carrara CFC, Machado MAAM, Oliveira TM. Longitudinal morphometric analysis of dental arch of children with cleft lip and palate: 3D stereophotogrammetry study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2018;12:463\u20138.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"440_CR2","first-page":"69","volume":"1","author":"S Berkowitz","year":"1985","unstructured":"Berkowitz S. Timing cleft palate closure\u2013age should not be the sole determinant. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol Suppl. 1985;1:69\u201383.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol Suppl"},{"key":"440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000161673.31770.23","volume":"115","author":"S Berkowitz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berkowitz S, Duncan R, Evans C, Friede H, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Prahl-Anderson B, Rosenstein S. Timing of cleft palate closure should be based on the ratio of the area of the cleft to that of the palatal segments and not on age alone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1483\u201399.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"440_CR4","volume-title":"Statistical methods for Medical and Biological students","author":"G Dahlberg","year":"1940","unstructured":"Dahlberg G. Statistical methods for Medical and Biological students. New York: Intersience; 1940."},{"key":"440_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-022-00403-9","volume":"84","author":"I de Oliveira","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Oliveira I, Pinheiro R, Freitas B, Reher P, Rodrigues V. Relationship between craniofacial and dental arch morphology with pharyngeal airway space in adolescents. J Orofac Orthop. 2023;84:93\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2933","volume":"12","author":"MJ Dixon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC. Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12:167\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009055","volume":"34","author":"N Eslami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eslami N, Hoseini Zarch H, Jahanbin A, Darabi Z, Moayedi S. Comparison of nasopharyngeal airway volume in cleft lip and palate patients with normal individuals using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Craniofac Surg. 2023;34:1111\u20134.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx019","volume":"39","author":"C Generali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Generali C, Primozic J, Richmond S, Bizzarro M, Flores-Mir C, Ovsenik M, Perillo L. Three-dimensional evaluation of the maxillary arch and palate in unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects using digital dental casts. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39:641\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/ejd.ejd_238_16","volume":"11","author":"VK Gopinath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gopinath VK, Samsudin AR, Mohd Noor SNF, Mohamed Sharab HY. Facial profile and maxillary arch dimensions in unilateral cleft lip and palate children in the mixed dentition stage. Eur J Dent. 2017;11:76\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03797-z","volume":"24","author":"MH Heydari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heydari MH, Sadeghian A, Khadivi G, Mustafa HJ, Javinani A, Nadjmi N, Khojasteh A. Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with\/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:36.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02164447","volume":"49","author":"I Jonas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jonas I, Mann W. Zur Bedeutung Der Adenoide Bei kieferorthop\u00e4dischen Patienten [The importance of the adenoids in orthodontic patients]. Fortschr Kieferorthop. 1988;49:239\u201351.","journal-title":"Fortschr Kieferorthop"},{"key":"440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.12.026","volume":"152","author":"H Karia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karia H, Shrivastav S, Karia AK. Three-dimensional evaluation of the airway spaces in patients with and without cleft lip and palate: a digital volume tomographic study. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2017;152:371\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"440_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2319\/051116-377.1","volume":"87","author":"D Kecik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kecik D. Three-dimensional analyses of palatal morphology and its relation to upper airway area in obstructive sleep apnea. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:300\u20136.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-011-0035-2","volume":"72","author":"G Kinzinger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kinzinger G, Czapka K, Ludwig B, Glasl B, Gross U, Lisson JA. Effekte Festsitzender Apparaturen Zur Korrektur Der Angle Klasse II auf die Tiefe Des Extrathorakalen Luftraums. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:301\u201320.","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"440_CR15","first-page":"399","volume":"11","author":"M Kulesa-Mrowiecka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulesa-Mrowiecka M, Lipowicz A, Marsza\u0142ek-Kruk BA, Kania D, Wola\u0144ski W, My\u015bliwiec A, Dowgierd K. Characteristics of factors influencing the occurrence of cleft lip and\/or palate: a Case Analysis and Literature Review. Child (Basel). 2024;11:399.","journal-title":"Child (Basel)"},{"key":"440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju018","volume":"37","author":"R Lione","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lione R, Franchi L, Huanca Ghislanzoni LT, Primozic J, Buongiorno M, Cozza P. Palatal surface and volume in mouth-breathing subjects evaluated with three-dimensional analysis of digital dental casts-a controlled study. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37:101\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-10-26","volume":"10","author":"JA Lisson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lisson JA, Weyrich C. Extent of maxillary deficiency in patients with complete UCLP and BCLP. Head Face Med. 2014;10:26.","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s007840050073","volume":"3","author":"JA Lisson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lisson JA, Schilke R, Tr\u00e4nkmann J. Transverse changes after surgical closure of complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate. Clin Oral Investig. 1999;3:18\u201324.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"440_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1597\/04-025.1","volume":"42","author":"JA Lisson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lisson JA, Hanke I, Tr\u00e4nkmann J. Changes of vertical skeletal morphology in patients with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42:490\u20134.","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01724-8","volume":"21","author":"M Miranda-Viana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miranda-Viana M, Freitas DQ, Machado AH, Gomes AF, Nejaim Y. Do the dimensions of the hard palate have a relationship with the volumes of the upper airways and maxillary sinuses? A CBCT study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:356.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12368","volume":"23","author":"N Monga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monga N, Kharbanda OP, Balachandran R, Neelapu BC. Palatal volume estimation in operated unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate subjects using digital study models. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2020;23:284\u201390.","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"440_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035969","volume":"11","author":"M Nystr\u00f6m","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m M, Ranta R. Sizes of dental arches and interdental space in 3-year-old children with and without cleft lip\/palate. Eur J Orthod. 1989;11:82\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"440_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2001.00056.x","volume":"109","author":"C Prahl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prahl C, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, van\u2019t Hof MA, Prahl-Andersen B. A randomised prospective clinical trial into the effect of infant orthopaedics on maxillary arch dimensions in unilateral cleft lip and palate (Dutchcleft). Eur J Oral Sci. 2001;109:297\u2013305.","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"440_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01143-1","volume":"20","author":"MGR Pucciarelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pucciarelli MGR, de Lima Toyoshima GH, Marchini Oliveira T, Marques Hon\u00f3rio H, Sforza C, Soares S. Assessment of dental arch stability after orthodontic treatment and oral rehabilitation in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and non-clefts patients using 3D stereophotogrammetry. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:154.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"440_CR25","first-page":"322","volume":"11","author":"FA Putri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Putri FA, Pattamatta M, Anita SES, Maulina T. The Global occurrences of Cleft Lip and Palate in Pediatric patients and their association with demographic factors: a narrative review. Child (Basel). 2024;11:322.","journal-title":"Child (Basel)"},{"key":"440_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105566562412363","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241236369","volume":"4","author":"LK Salinero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salinero LK, Romeo DJ, Pontell ME, Friedman L, Ahluwalia VS, Wagner CS, Barrero CE, Napoli J, Jackson OA, Low DW, Bartlett SP, Swanson J, Magee L, Taylor JA. Psychosocial Status and Self-Perception in patients with cleft lip and\/or palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2024;4:10556656241236369.","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"440_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12010012","volume":"12","author":"MF Sfondrini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sfondrini MF, Gallo S, Pascadopoli M, Gandini P, Roncoroni C, Scribante A. Upper Airway dimensions among different skeletal malocclusions: a retrospective observational study by Cephalometric Analysis. Dent J (Basel). 2024;12:12.","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"440_CR28","unstructured":"T\u00fcrkyilmaz C. (2022) Effekte und Langzeitstabilit\u00e4t der Behandlung des einseitigen Kreuzbisses vor der zweiten Phase des Wechselgebisses. Dissertation, Homburg."}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00440-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00440-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00440-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T11:38:58Z","timestamp":1722512338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/head-face-med.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00440-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13005-024-00440-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Ethical approval for this retrospective study was granted by the Ethical Committee of \u00c4rztekammer des Saarlandes, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany (Decision Number: 95\/16).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"For this type of study, formal consent is not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}