{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T06:01:19Z","timestamp":1794636079870,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-025-00497-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T04:20:13Z","timestamp":1743394813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of simulated intraoral temperatures and wet environments on the stress relaxation properties of thermoplastic aligner materials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuhui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2018.48.5.316","volume":"48","author":"JH Ryu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryu JH, et al. Effects of thermoforming on the physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials for transparent orthodontic aligners. Korean J Orthod. 2018;48(5):316\u201325.","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.03.034","volume":"133","author":"JS Kwon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kwon JS, et al. Force delivery properties of thermoplastic orthodontic materials. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133(2):228\u201334 quiz 328.e1.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2319\/052512-432.1","volume":"83","author":"N Kohda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kohda N, et al. Effects of mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials on the initial force of thermoplastic appliances. Angle Orthod. 2013;83(3):476\u201383.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.03.017","volume":"155","author":"A Skaik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skaik A, et al. Effects of time and clear aligner removal frequency on the force delivered by different polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified materials determined with thin-film pressure sensors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;155(1):98\u2013107.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2016.46.2.65","volume":"46","author":"X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li X, et al. Changes in force associated with the amount of aligner activation and lingual bodily movement of the maxillary central incisor. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46(2):65\u201372.","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.03.015","volume":"145","author":"M Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon M, et al. Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145(6):728\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70274-9","volume":"112","author":"G Airoldi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Airoldi G, et al. Oral environment temperature changes induced by cold\/hot liquid intake. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112(1):58\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2013-131","volume":"32","author":"D Fang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fang D, et al. Dynamic stress relaxation of orthodontic thermoplastic materials in a simulated oral environment. Dent Mater J. 2013;32(6):946\u201351.","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-019-00192-8","volume":"80","author":"BA Ihssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ihssen BA, et al. Effect of in vitro aging by water immersion and thermocycling on the mechanical properties of PETG aligner material. J Orofac Orthop. 2019;80(6):292\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjv013","volume":"37","author":"M Iijima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iijima M, et al. Effects of temperature changes and stress loading on the mechanical and shape memory properties of thermoplastic materials with different glass transition behaviours and crystal structures. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37(6):665\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"24","key":"497_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7850","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247850","volume":"14","author":"D Bresolato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bresolato D, et al. Effect of water-based disinfectants or air-drying on dimensional changes in a thermoplastic orthodontic aligner. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(24):7850.","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"497_CR12","unstructured":"ISO 527-3:2018. Plastics \u2014 Determination of tensile properties \u2014 Part 3: Test conditions for films and sheets. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2319\/113015-813.1","volume":"87","author":"L Lombardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lombardo L, et al. Stress relaxation properties of four orthodontic aligner materials: a 24-hour in vitro study. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(1):11\u20138.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0096-6347(45)90101-3","volume":"31","author":"HD Kesling","year":"1945","unstructured":"Kesling HD. The philosophy of the tooth positioning appliance. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1945;31(6):297\u2013304.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR15","first-page":"8276","volume":"8","author":"W Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li W, Wang S, Zhang Y. The effectiveness of the Invisalign appliance in extraction cases using the the ABO model grading system: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(5):8276\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.06.041","volume":"151","author":"J Gu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gu J, et al. Evaluation of Invisalign treatment effectiveness and efficiency compared with conventional fixed appliances using the Peer Assessment Rating index. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;151(2):259\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"497_CR17","first-page":"p. Cd003452","volume":"11","author":"B Thiruvenkatachari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thiruvenkatachari B, et al. Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:Cd003452.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"497_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0126-0","volume":"17","author":"S Ravera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ravera S, et al. Maxillary molar distalization with aligners in adult patients: a multicenter retrospective study. Prog Orthod. 2016;17:12.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2319\/122115-875.1","volume":"87","author":"JP Houle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Houle JP, et al. The predictability of transverse changes with Invisalign. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(1):19\u201324.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"497_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-68","volume":"14","author":"M Simon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon M, et al. Treatment outcome and efficacy of an aligner technique\u2013regarding incisor torque, premolar derotation and molar distalization. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:68.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-007-9424-5","volume":"36","author":"LJ Barbagallo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barbagallo LJ, et al. A novel pressure film approach for determining the force imparted by clear removable thermoplastic appliances. Ann Biomed Eng. 2008;36(2):335\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.11.027","volume":"138","author":"AD Vardimon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vardimon AD, Robbins D, Brosh T. In-vivo von Mises strains during Invisalign treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138(4):399\u2013409.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"497_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(98)00037-2","volume":"27","author":"MS Gale","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gale MS, Darvell BW. Thermal cycling procedures for laboratory testing of dental restorations. J Dent. 1999;27(2):89\u201399.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"497_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8074827","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8074827","volume":"2019","author":"F Elkholy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elkholy F, et al. Mechanical characterization of thermoplastic aligner materials: recommendations for test parameter standardization. J Healthc Eng. 2019;2019:8074827.","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"497_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.04.002","volume":"30","author":"P B\u00e9hin","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00e9hin P, et al. Dynamic mechanical analysis of high pressure polymerized urethane dimethacrylate. Dent Mater. 2014;30(7):728\u201334.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.05.010","volume":"29","author":"YJ Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei YJ, et al. The relationship between cyclic hygroscopic dimensional changes and water sorption\/desorption of self-adhering and new resin-matrix composites. Dent Mater. 2013;29(9):e218\u201326.","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"34","key":"497_CR27","first-page":"2412","volume":"90","author":"N Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang N, Bai YX, Zhang KY. Mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010;90(34):2412\u20134.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.04.021","volume":"126","author":"S Schuster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schuster S, et al. Structural conformation and leaching from in vitro aged and retrieved Invisalign appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126(6):725\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"497_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.07.026","volume":"51","author":"HW Ahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahn HW, et al. Effects of aging procedures on the molecular, biochemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of vacuum-formed retainers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2015;51:356\u201366.","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR30","first-page":"3000","volume":"9","author":"IR Alkasso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alkasso IR, Al Qassar SS, Taqa GA. Durability of different types of mouthwashes on the salivary buffering system in orthodontic patients. Dentistry. 2021;9(1):3000.","journal-title":"Dentistry"},{"key":"497_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.730.135","volume":"730","author":"T Pureprasert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pureprasert T, et al. Comparison of mechanical properties of three different orthodontic latex elastic bands leached with NaOH solution. Key Eng Mater. 2017;730:135\u201340.","journal-title":"Key Eng Mater"},{"issue":"8","key":"497_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8084751","volume":"8","author":"S Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao S, et al. Effects of different pH-Values on the nanomechanical surface properties of PEEK and CFR-PEEK compared to dental resin-based materials. Materials (Basel). 2015;8(8):4751\u201367.","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR33","first-page":"34","volume":"13","author":"SS Al Qassar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Qassar SS, Ismael AJ, Dewachi ZB. Influence of different types of mouthwashes on force decay of elastomeric chain recommended in SARS-COV-2 pandemic. J Orthod Sci. 2024;13(1):34.","journal-title":"J Orthod Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"497_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.06.218","volume":"46","author":"KL Simmons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simmons KL, et al. H-Mat hydrogen compatibility of polymers and elastomers. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2021;46(23):12300\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2011-120","volume":"30","author":"N Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang N, et al. Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic materials for invisible orthodontics. Dent Mater J. 2011;30(6):954\u20139.","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-021-00362-8","volume":"22","author":"K Dalaie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dalaie K, Fatemi SM, Ghaffari S. Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of clear aligners after thermoforming and aging. Prog Orthod. 2021;22(1):15.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"497_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-019-0289-6","volume":"20","author":"R Bucci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bucci R, et al. Thickness of orthodontic clear aligners after thermoforming and after 10 days of intraoral exposure: a prospective clinical study. Prog Orthod. 2019;20(1):36.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00497-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00497-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00497-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T04:21:41Z","timestamp":1743394901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/head-face-med.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00497-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00497-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23"}}