{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:03:19Z","timestamp":1793916199194,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The General Guiding Project of Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission","award":["20241A011096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20241A011096"]}]},{"name":"The study was supported by Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Informatization","award":["2021B1212040007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B1212040007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-025-00499-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T19:39:56Z","timestamp":1743190796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predicting changes of incisor and facial profile following orthodontic treatment: a machine learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guizhen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2237-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39731","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39731","volume":"7","author":"YZ Foo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foo YZ, Simmons LW, Rhodes G. Predictors of facial attractiveness and health in humans. Sci Rep. 2017;7:39731.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"499_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1190538","volume":"38","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zheng M, Wang X. Effects of facial attractiveness on personality stimuli in an implicit priming task: an ERP study. Neurol Res. 2016;38:685\u201391.","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"499_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701","volume":"138","author":"J Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai J, Deng Y, Min Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Jing D. Revealing the representative facial traits of different sagittal skeletal types: Decipher what artificial intelligence can see by Grad-CAM. J Dent. 2023;138:104701.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"499_CR4","first-page":"249","volume":"9","author":"X Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang X, Cai J, Lin B, Yao L, Lin F. Motivation of adult female patients seeking orthodontic treatment: an application of Q-methodology. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015;9:249\u201356.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"499_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.46","volume":"218","author":"L Christensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christensen L, Luther F. Adults seeking orthodontic treatment: expectations, periodontal and TMD issues. Br Dent J. 2015;218:111\u20137.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"499_CR6","first-page":"401","volume":"68","author":"LB Sample","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sample LB, Sadowsky PL, Bradley E. An evaluation of two VTO methods. Angle Orthod. 1998;68:401\u20138.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0125-1","volume":"17","author":"S Maetevorakul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maetevorakul S, Viteporn S. Factors influencing soft tissue profile changes following orthodontic treatment in patients with class II division 1 malocclusion. Prog Orthod. 2016;17:13.","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05077-0","volume":"27","author":"K Xing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xing K, Mei H, Feng Q, Quan S, Zhang G, Jia A, Ge H, Mei D, Li J. Accuracy in predicting soft tissue changes of orthodontic class III cases using Dolphin\u00ae software. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:4531\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"499_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.11.021","volume":"156","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Mei L, Yan X, Wei J, Li Y, Li H, Li Z, Zheng W, Li Y. Accuracy of computer-aided prediction in soft tissue changes after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2019;156:823\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"499_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241235606","volume":"103","author":"NF Nordblom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nordblom NF, B\u00fcttner M, Schwendicke F. Artificial intelligence in orthodontics: critical review. J Dent Res. 2024;103:577\u201384.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"499_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod22.250","volume":"53","author":"S Anic-Milosevic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anic-Milosevic S, Medancic N, Calusic-Sarac M, Dumancic J, Brkic H. Artificial neural network model for predicting sex using dental and orthodontic measurements. Korean J Orthod. 2023;53:194\u2013204.","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parrish M, O\u2019Connell E, Eckert G, Hughes J, Badirli S, Turkkahraman H. Short- and Long-Term prediction of the Post-Pubertal mandibular length and Y-Axis in females utilizing machine learning. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023; 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.2202.v1"},{"key":"499_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221106676","volume":"101","author":"YS Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park YS, Choi JH, Kim Y, Choi SH, Lee JH, Kim KH, Chung CJ. Deep Learning-Based prediction of the 3D postorthodontic facial changes. J Dent Res. 2022;101:1372\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"499_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95002-w","volume":"11","author":"C Tanikawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanikawa C, Yamashiro T. Development of novel artificial intelligence systems to predict facial morphology after orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment in Japanese patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11:15853.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"499_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2300244","volume":"24","author":"J Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu J, Yang Y, Wong HM. Development and accuracy of artificial intelligence-generated prediction of facial changes in orthodontic treatment: a scoping review. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2023;24:974\u201384.","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"499_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2319\/111608-588.1","volume":"80","author":"X Xie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Xie X, Wang L, Wang A. Artificial neural network modeling for deciding if extractions are necessary prior to orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:262\u20136.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0304285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304285","volume":"19","author":"BTM Spee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spee BTM, Leder H, Mikuni J, Scharnowski F, Pelowski M, Steyrl D. Using machine learning to predict judgments on Western visual Art along content-representational and formal-perceptual attributes. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0304285.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"499_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65088-z","volume":"14","author":"J Mikuni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mikuni J, Spee BTM, Forlani G, Leder H, Scharnowski F, Nakamura K, Watanabe K, Kawabata H, Pelowski M, Steyrl D. Cross-cultural comparison of beauty judgments in visual Art using machine learning analysis of Art attribute predictors among Japanese and German speakers. Sci Rep. 2024;14:15948.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"499_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk052","volume":"165","author":"E Vittinghoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vittinghoff E, McCulloch CE. Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:710\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"499_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11254-0","volume":"12","author":"SM Sadati Tilebon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadati Tilebon SM, Emamian SA, Ramezanpour H, Yousefi H, \u00d6zcan M, Naghib SM, Zare Y, Rhee KY. Intelligent modeling and optimization of titanium surface etching for dental implant application. Sci Rep. 2022;12:7184.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"499_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s41664-018-0068-2","volume":"2","author":"Y Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu Y, Goodacre R. On splitting training and validation set: A comparative study of Cross-Validation, bootstrap and systematic sampling for estimating the generalization performance of supervised learning. J Anal Test. 2018;2:249\u201362.","journal-title":"J Anal Test"},{"key":"499_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03817-y","volume":"24","author":"J Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai J, Min Z, Deng Y, Jing D, Zhao Z. Assessing the impact of occlusal plane rotation on facial aesthetics in orthodontic treatment: a machine learning approach. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:30.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"499_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.2979485","volume":"14","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X, Parhi KK. Molecular and DNA artificial neural networks via fractional coding. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2020;14:490\u2013503.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"key":"499_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2306132121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306132121","volume":"121","author":"N Al Turkestani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Turkestani N, Li T, Bianchi J, Gurgel M, Prieto J, Shah H, Benavides E, Soki F, Mishina Y, Fontana M, et al. A comprehensive patient-specific prediction model for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024;121:e2306132121.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"499_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.06.040","volume":"92","author":"V Kaul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaul V, Enslin S, Gross SA. History of artificial intelligence in medicine. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020;92:807\u201312.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"499_CR26","first-page":"50","volume":"10","author":"W-Q Che","year":"2023","unstructured":"Che W-Q, Li Y-J, Tsang C-K, Wang Y-J, Chen Z, Wang X-Y, Xu A-D, Lyu J. How to use the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data: research design and methodology. Mil Med Res. 2023;10:50.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"499_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12548","volume":"16","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu Y, Zheng X, Li Y, Ye X, Cheng H, Wang H, Lyu J. Exploring patient medication adherence and data mining methods in clinical big data: A contemporary review. J Evid Based Med. 2023;16:342\u201375.","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med"},{"key":"499_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.09.003","volume":"47","author":"R Raposo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raposo R, Peleteiro B, Pa\u00e7o M, Pinho T. Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;47:445\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"499_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04685-6","volume":"26","author":"MS Alhammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alhammadi MS, Almashraqi AA, Khadhi AH, Arishi KA, Alamir AA, Beleges EM, Halboub E. Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26:6443\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"499_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2020.0212","volume":"28","author":"J Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu J, Wang Z, Zhang H, Xu W, Zhang C, Yang Y, Zheng X, Xu J. Bone graft materials for alveolar bone defects in orthodontic tooth movement. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2022;28:35\u201351.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part B Rev"},{"key":"499_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi M, Fukasawa S. Is inflammation a friend or foe for orthodontic treatment?? inflammation in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption and accelerating tooth movement. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052388"},{"key":"499_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-023-00397-8","volume":"19","author":"R Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo R, Tian Y, Li X, Li W, He D, Sun Y. Facial profile evaluation and prediction of skeletal class II patients during camouflage extraction treatment: a pilot study. Head Face Med. 2023;19:51.","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"499_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias KG, Sivamurthy G, Bearn DR. Extraction vs nonextraction orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Angle Orthod. 2024; 94.","DOI":"10.2319\/021123-98.1"},{"key":"499_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04881-y","volume":"27","author":"J Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng J, Lei Y, Liu Y, Zhang B, Chen J. Effectiveness of micro-implant in vertical control during orthodontic extraction treatment in class II adults and adolescents after pubertal growth peak: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:2149\u201362.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"499_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(82)90492-4","volume":"82","author":"BM Oliver","year":"1982","unstructured":"Oliver BM. The influence of lip thickness and strain on upper lip response to incisor Retraction. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:141\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR36","first-page":"199","volume":"60","author":"F Yogosawa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yogosawa F. Predicting soft tissue profile changes concurrent with orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1990;60:199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04831-0","volume":"27","author":"GSM Kinzinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kinzinger GSM, Lisson JA, Buschhoff C, Hourfar J. Age-dependent effects on palate volume and morphology during orthodontic RME treatment. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:2641\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"499_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2319\/020115-80.1","volume":"86","author":"M Nagaiwa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagaiwa M, Gunjigake K, Yamaguchi K. The effect of mouth breathing on chewing efficiency. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:227\u201334.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.10.032","volume":"150","author":"T Inami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inami T, Nakano Y, Miyazawa K, Tabuchi M, Goto S. Adult skeletal class II high-angle case treated with a fully customized lingual bracket appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2016;150:679\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"499_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2319\/080721-620.1","volume":"92","author":"RK Al-Rokhami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Rokhami RK, Sakran KA, Alhammadi MS, Mashrah MA, Cao B, Alsomairi MAA, Al-Worafi NA. Proximity of upper central incisors to incisive Canal among subjects with maxillary Dentoalveolar protrusion in various facial growth patterns. Angle Orthod. 2022;92:529\u201336.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2319\/122912-974.1","volume":"83","author":"F Modarai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Modarai F, Donaldson JC, Naini FB. The influence of lower lip position on the perceived attractiveness of chin prominence. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:795\u2013800.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.05.010","volume":"162","author":"TA Qadeer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qadeer TA, Jawaid M, Fahim MF, Habib M, Khan EB. Effect of lip thickness and competency on soft-tissue changes. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2022;162:483\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"499_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs035","volume":"35","author":"N Trisnawaty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trisnawaty N, Ioi H, Kitahara T, Suzuki A, Takahashi I. Effects of extraction of four premolars on vermilion height and lip area in patients with bimaxillary protrusion. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:521\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"499_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02733-5","volume":"23","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Gao J, Guo D, Zhang H, Zhang X, Qin W, Jin Z. Three dimensional quantitative study of soft tissue changes in nasolabial folds after orthodontic treatment in female adults. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:31.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"499_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-023-01142-w","volume":"28","author":"Y Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee Y, Lim S-W, Chan V, Hong P, Han S-B, Chae HS. The surgical outcomes of anterior segmental osteotomy in Asian skeletal class II patients. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2024;28:289\u201398.","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"499_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12641","volume":"26","author":"L Leavitt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leavitt L, Volovic J, Steinhauer L, Mason T, Eckert G, Dean JA, Dundar MM, Turkkahraman H. Can we predict orthodontic extraction patterns by using machine learning? Orthod Craniofac Res. 2023;26:552\u20139.","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"499_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li P, Kong D, Tang T, Su D, Yang P, Wang H, Zhao Z, Liu Y. Orthodontic Treatment Planning based on Artificial Neural Networks. Sci Rep. 2019; 9:2037.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38439-w"},{"key":"499_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2319\/0003-3219(2007)077[0221:MIAAIE]2.0.CO;2","volume":"77","author":"Y Sangcharearn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sangcharearn Y, Ho C. Maxillary incisor angulation and its effect on molar relationships. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:221\u20135.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00499-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00499-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00499-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T06:37:46Z","timestamp":1743403066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/head-face-med.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00499-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00499-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University (20240809171826), and informed consent was acquired from each patient before starting orthodontic treatment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}