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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the protective effects of incorporating either L-arginine or\n                      <jats:italic>Salvadora persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Miswak) extract into an ESD on enamel surface properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Extracted human premolars were randomly assigned to three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096): (1) plain ESD, (2) ESD with 1% L-arginine (Arg-ESD), and (3) ESD with 10%\n                      <jats:italic>Salvadora persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract (Mis-ESD). Each specimen was immersed in its respective solution for 5\u00a0min daily over 7 days. Post-treatment assessments included enamel microhardness (VHN), surface roughness (Sa), colour change (\u0394E), Ca\/P ratio, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology. A taste acceptability survey was conducted in adult volunteers. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05). In addition, a small panel of adult volunteers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920) evaluated the taste acceptability of the modified formulations after providing informed consent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both Arg-ESD and Mis-ESD significantly increased enamel microhardness and reduced surface roughness compared to plain ESD (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), with Mis-ESD showing the greatest improvements. Mis-ESD also enhanced colour stability (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). SEM images confirmed preservation of enamel structure, particularly in Mis-ESD specimens. Taste testing indicated good palatability for both modified formulations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Incorporating\n                      <jats:italic>Salvadora persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract into ESDs significantly improved enamel resistance to erosion and enhanced aesthetic properties. Miswak-enriched ESDs could serve as a preventive option for dental erosion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Formulating ESDs with\n                      <jats:italic>Salvadora persica<\/jats:italic>\n                      may reduce their erosive potential while preserving taste acceptability, offering a novel, consumer-friendly strategy to protect enamel in high-risk populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-025-00560-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T09:23:48Z","timestamp":1764408228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lessening the erosive influence of electrolyte sports drinks on teeth using L-arginine and aqueous Miswak extract"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8890-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanaa","family":"Elgamily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Engie","family":"Safwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reham","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samah","family":"Mosbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Yossef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"560_CR1","first-page":"28","volume":"53","author":"JA von Fraunhofer","year":"2005","unstructured":"von Fraunhofer JA, Rogers MM. 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