{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:08:44Z","timestamp":1791954524866,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008967","name":"Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our group has recently established the first ex vivo cadaveric models to simulate unilateral and bilateral cleft lip surgery. We have shown that these porcine snout disc models are suitable for novice cleft surgeons to understand the basic principles of cleft lip surgery and to practice the essential surgical steps. In this study we want to show that the ex vivo cleft lip models are not only suitable and helpful for residents, but also for students and experienced surgeons with and without experience in cleft surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three courses were held to evaluate the ex vivo cleft lip models: One for oral and maxillofacial surgeons from German cleft centers and two courses for dental students. All operated on the unilateral and bilateral ex vivo cleft lip models using the Millard technique. Questionnaires were used to assess their subjective opinion of the ex vivo cleft lip models. Tasks for the students were carried out to objectify their learning success. Three-dimensional scans were taken and analyzed using a previously validated intraoral scanner to objectively assess the outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ex vivo cleft lip models are suitable for the training of students and experienced surgeons with varying levels of experience in cleft lip repair. Both models were rated as realistic in terms of tissue resemblance, surgical planning, and surgical management. In addition, the specialists rated the models as realistic overall. The models also provide students with several advantages, such as improved surgical skills and a better understanding of cleft surgery. Participants felt that the models should be made available not only to residents, but also to consultants and senior consultants and should be implicated in the dental curriculum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ex vivo cleft lip models made of porcine snout discs are suitable for a wide range of users starting from students to experienced surgeons to train in cleft lip surgery. The great advantage of these models is that experienced surgeons can work with an inexpensive and readily available model to improve their skills and modify their techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-025-00565-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:27:18Z","timestamp":1764854838000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unilateral and bilateral ex vivo cleft lip models: universal tools for surgical training at different levels of experience"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Vogl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja L.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Olmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"M\u00f6st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco R.","family":"Kesting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"565_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gox.0000000000002438","author":"RS Kantar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kantar RS, Alfonso AR, Ramly EP, Diaz-Siso JR, Breugem CC, Flores RL. Simulation in cleft surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gox.0000000000002438.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"565_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2009.11.003","author":"A Campbell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Campbell A, Costello BJ, Ruiz RL. Cleft lip and palate surgery: an update of clinical outcomes for primary repair. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coms.2009.11.003.","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"565_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04575-9","author":"R Lutz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lutz R, Kesting MR, Weber M, Olmos M, Tasy\u00fcrek D, M\u00f6st T, et al. An ex vivo model for education and training of bilateral cleft lip surgery. BMC Med Educ. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04575-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"565_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04667-6","author":"R Lutz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lutz R, Schulz KL, Weber M, Olmos M, M\u00f6st T, B\u00fcrstner J, et al. An ex vivo model for education and training of unilateral cleft lip surgery. BMC Med Educ. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-023-04667-6.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"565_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000004924","author":"CR Rogers-Vizena","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rogers-Vizena CR, Saldanha FYL, Hosmer AL, Weinstock PH. A new paradigm in cleft lip procedural excellence: creation and preliminary digital validation of a lifelike simulator. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/prs.0000000000004924.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"565_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03407-6","author":"A Taher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taher A, Chow J, Kwon MS, Hunter D, Lucewicz A, Samarawickrama C. Determining the learning curve for a novel microsurgical procedure using histopathology. BMC Med Educ. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03407-6.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"565_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044022","author":"J Metcalfe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Metcalfe J. Learning from errors. Annu Rev Psychol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044022.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"565_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2023.08.010","author":"CR Rogers-Vizena","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rogers-Vizena CR, Saldanha FYL, Sideridis GD, Allan CK, Livingston KA, Nussbaum L, et al. High-fidelity cleft simulation maintains improvements in performance and confidence: a prospective study. J Surg Educ. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsurg.2023.08.010.","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"565_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt.2005.008","author":"M Krimmel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krimmel M, Kluba S, Dietz K, Reinert S. [Assessment of precision and accuracy of digital surface photogrammetry with the DSP 400 system]. 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Sci Rep. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-39352-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"565_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000010091","author":"BB Massenburg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Massenburg BB, Mercan E, Ettinger RE, Tse RW. The Yin and Yang of primary unilateral cleft lip and nose repair: balance through opposing cleft and noncleft side changes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/prs.0000000000010091.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"565_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03638-7","author":"N Oetter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oetter N, M\u00f6st T, Weber M, Buchbender M, Rohde M, Foerster Y, Bauerschmitz C, R\u00f6schmann N, Adler W, Rau A, Meyerolbersleben M, Kesting M, Lutz R. COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on dental education: digitalization - progress or regress? Example of an online hands-on course. BMC Med Educ. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03638-7.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"565_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12653","author":"J Goob","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goob J, Erdelt K, G\u00fcth JF, Liebermann A. Dental education during the pandemic: cross-sectional evaluation of four different teaching concepts. J Dent Educ. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jdd.12653.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"565_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11024-8","author":"M Olmos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Olmos M, Backhaus J, Weber M, Matta R, Vogl C, Schulz K, et al. 3D anthropometry of the nasolabial region in children aged 3 to 9 months as reference database for clinical assessment. Sci Rep. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-11024-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00565-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00565-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00565-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T13:53:57Z","timestamp":1765634037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00565-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13005-025-00565-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The full study and data analysis were approved by the ethics committee of the Friedrich- Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (23-136-ANF). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. The study respected the principles of the ethics committee in charge. Participants were informed and signed a consent form for the publication of the results of their questionnaires. The manuscript does not involve any living vertebrate animal. All the fresh snouts were taken from slaughters.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written consent was obtained from all subjects for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"86"}}