{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:53:26Z","timestamp":1774886006868,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head Face Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-026-00587-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T14:17:23Z","timestamp":1768573043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Faces of inequality: social determinants of health in interpersonal violence\u2013related facial fractures \u2013 a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Aleksi","family":"Haapanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Furuholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Sn\u00e4ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anssi","family":"Auvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.011","volume":"237","author":"MR Malekpour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malekpour MR, Rezaei N, Azadnajafabad S, Khanali J, Azangou-Khyavy M, Moghaddam SS, et al. Global, regional, and National burden of injuries, and burden attributable to injuries risk factors, 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019. Public Health. 2024;237:212\u201331.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T12","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043296","volume":"26","author":"JA Haagsma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haagsma JA, James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, et al. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the global burden of disease study 2017. Inj Prev. 2020;26:T12\u2013I26.","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"10311","key":"587_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01546-4","volume":"398","author":"JL Ward","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ward JL, Azzopardi PS, Francis KL, Santelli JS, Skirbekk V, Sawyer SM, et al Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10\u201324 years, 1950\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;398(10311):1593\u2013618. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0140673621015464.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"587_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00480","volume":"38","author":"F Rivara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rivara F, Adhia A, Lyons V, Massey A, Mills B, Morgan E, et al. The effects of violence on health. Health Aff. 2019;38(10):1622\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"587_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2008.019554","volume":"14","author":"C Mikton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mikton C. Preventing violence and reducing its impact: how development agencies can help. Inj Prev. 2008;14:279.","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2018.11.021","volume":"57","author":"M Goodfellow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goodfellow M, Burns A. Relation between facial fractures and socioeconomic deprivation in the North East of England. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;57(3):255\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"587_CR7","first-page":"397","volume":"47","author":"F Al-Qahtani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Qahtani F, Bishawi K, Jaber M, Thomas S. Maxillofacial trauma in the Gulf countries: a systematic review. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg Springer Sci Bus Media Deutschland GmbH. 2021;47:397\u2013406.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg Springer Sci Bus Media Deutschland GmbH"},{"key":"587_CR8","unstructured":"Commission on Social Determinants of Health. CSDH final report: closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva; 2008."},{"key":"587_CR9","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Assault-related orbital trauma at an urban level I trauma center: racial segregation and other Neighborhood-level social determinants. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery","author":"N Mancera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mancera N, Do DP, Griepentrog GJ, Esmaili N. Assault-related orbital trauma at an urban level I trauma center: racial segregation and other Neighborhood-level social determinants. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2023. pp. 182\u20136."},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2016.03.008","volume":"15","author":"MH Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson MH, Robinson JP, Sisson RT, Revington PJ, Thomas SJ. The effect of deprivation on the incidence of mandibular fractures in a British City. Surgeon. 2017;15(2):65\u20138.","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2254","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002254","volume":"7","author":"AB Nguyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen AB, Grimes B, Neuhaus J, Pomerantz JH. A Cross-sectional study of the association between homelessness and facial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019;7(6):E2254.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"587_CR12","unstructured":"Downing MA. The epidemiology of assault across the West Midlands. Available from: https:\/\/www.emjonline.com."},{"key":"587_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jayne Long S, Fone D, Gartner A, Bellis MA. Demographic and socioeconomic inequalities in the risk of emergency hospital admission for violence: cross-sectional analysis of a national database in Wales. BMJ Open. 2016;6:11169. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011169.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011169"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.06.020","volume":"45","author":"V Sivarajasingam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sivarajasingam V, Page N, Morgan P, Matthews K, Moore S, Shepherd J. Trends in community violence in England and Wales 2005\u20132009. Injury. 2014;45(3):592\u20138.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"7","key":"587_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3120","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31299","volume":"134","author":"RE Weitzman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weitzman RE, Subramanian T, Zhao K, Shomorony A, Sclafani AP. Trends in management and cost burden of facial fractures: A 14-Year analysis. Laryngoscope. 2024;134(7):3120\u20136.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"587_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang CY, Kwon DY, Oleru O, Seyidova N, Shamamian PE, Montalmant KE, et al. The burden of road traffic accidents on facial fractures: national trends, injury patterns, and disparities in 154,185 patients. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2024.","DOI":"10.1177\/19433875241272440"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814542590","volume":"151","author":"I Pena","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pena I, Roberts LE, Guy WM, Zevallos JP. The cost and inpatient burden of treating mandible fractures: A nationwide inpatient sample database analysis. Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg (United States). 2014;151(4):591\u20138.","journal-title":"Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg (United States)"},{"key":"587_CR18","first-page":"1793","volume":"10","author":"V Ganapathy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ganapathy V, Graham GD, Dibonaventura MD, Gillard PJ, Goren A, Zorowitz RD. Caregiver burden, productivity loss, and indirect costs associated with caring for patients with poststroke spasticity. Clin Interv Aging. 2015;10:1793\u2013802.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"587_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel KF, Slinger M, Guzzo TJ, Malkowicz SB, Chhatre S, Jayadevappa R. Beyond medical bills: the indirect costs of prostate cancer. Urol Pract. 2024. Available from: http:\/\/www.auajournals.org\/doi\/10.1097\/UPJ.0000000000000711.","DOI":"10.1097\/UPJ.0000000000000711"},{"issue":"54","key":"587_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"A Bi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bi A, Hh S. Cost of illness in patients with mandibular fracture following road traffic crash and its socioeconomic implications in Kano state Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg Volume. 2015;5(54):1\u201316.","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg Volume"}],"container-title":["Head &amp; Face Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13005-026-00587-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-026-00587-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13005-026-00587-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T15:03:57Z","timestamp":1774883037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13005-026-00587-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13005-026-00587-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-160X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-160X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Internal Review Board of the Head and Neck Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (HUS\/148\/2022). Additionally, permission was granted by the Statistics Finland (TK\/1917\/07.03.00\/2022). The study was conducted in adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki. No informed consent was needed due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}