{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:35:07Z","timestamp":1780410907533,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002957","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L-00046-512-518-1050202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L-00046-512-518-1050202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Breastfeed J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Angola has one of the highest annual under-five mortality rates in in the world and malnutrition poses a severe problem in the country. This study is the first to focus on the traditional knowledge of plants, foods, and treatments used by the local population in the province of U\u00edge to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk, since decades of independence and civil war impeded ethnobotanical studies in this area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted in eight municipalities in the province of U\u00edge, Northern Angola in February and March 2018. In 265 semi-structured interviews, 360 informants in 40 rural villages were asked about plants, food, and treatments used to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk. Additionally, information on child mortality and the duration of breastfeeding were collected. Whenever possible, plant specimens were collected for later identification. To determine the local importance of the collected plants, food, and treatments, the Relative Frequency of Citations was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most women reported to have no problems with their breast milk production. The duration of breastfeeding meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). Across all use categories, 69 plants from 36 plant families, and 21 other foods and treatments could be identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study shows an overview of a variety of plants, foods, and treatments used by mothers as galactagogues, to \u201cclean\u201d or to reduce their breast milk and those which they avoided to use during the lactation period. There is great potential for further research into this traditional knowledge. Also, further analysis of some of the plants could be of interest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-020-00329-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1603450973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Plants, food and treatments used by BaKongo tribes in U\u00edge (northern Angola) to affect the quality and quantity of human breast milk"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gesine","family":"Jendras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawunu","family":"Monizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Neinhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-9456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thea","family":"Lautenschl\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"329_CR1","volume-title":"Levels and trends in child mortality report 2018","author":"UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group and United Nations","year":"2018","unstructured":"UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group and United Nations. Levels and trends in child mortality report 2018. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/publications\/index_103264.html."},{"key":"329_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3365-6","volume":"16","author":"EVN Ros\u00e1rio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ros\u00e1rio EVN, Costa D, Tim\u00f3teo L, Rodrigues AA, Varanda J, Nery SV, Brito M. Main causes of death in Dande, Angola: results from verbal autopsies of deaths occurring during 2009\u20132012. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:719.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"329_CR3","unstructured":"UNICEF. Humanitarian action for children. Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/appeals\/drc.html. [cited 2020 Mar 31]."},{"key":"329_CR4","unstructured":"UNICEF. Humanitarian action for children. Angola. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/appeals\/angola.html. [cited 2020 Mar 31]."},{"key":"329_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15599-2","volume":"363","author":"N Thapar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thapar N, Sanderson IR. Diarrhoea in children: an interface between developing and developed countries. Lancet. 2004;363:641\u201353.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"329_CR6","unstructured":"Rice AL, Sacco L, Hyder A, Black RE. Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:1207\u201321."},{"key":"329_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;8:CD003517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003517.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003517.pub2"},{"key":"329_CR8","volume-title":"Infant and young child feeding","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. Infant and young child feeding. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/infant-and-young-child-feeding. [cited 2020 Mar 31]."},{"key":"329_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1071\/NB05S03","volume":"16","author":"J Allen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Allen J, Hector D. Benefits of breastfeeding. N S W Public Health Bull. 2005;16:5.","journal-title":"N S W Public Health Bull"},{"key":"329_CR10","volume-title":"African Traditional Medicine. A Dictionary of Plant Use and Applications","author":"HD Neuwinger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neuwinger HD. African Traditional Medicine. A Dictionary of Plant Use and Applications. Stuttgart: medpharm Scientific Publishers; 2000."},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"D Maya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maya D. Ethnobotanical survey and biological activities of two lactogenic plants in the cascades region of Burkina Faso. J Dis Med Plants. 2018;4(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dis Med Plants"},{"key":"329_CR12","first-page":"176","volume":"19","author":"N Ramarao","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ramarao N, Raj A, Henry AN. Increasing the secretion of breast milk-indigenous practices in Andhra Pradesh. Anc Sci Life. 2000;19:176\u20138.","journal-title":"Anc Sci Life"},{"issue":"3","key":"329_CR13","first-page":"243","volume":"4","author":"H Dandotiya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dandotiya H, Singh G, Kashaw SK. The galactagogues use by Indian tribal communities to over come poor lactation. Int J Biotechnol Bioeng Res. 2013;4(3):243\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Biotechnol Bioeng Res"},{"key":"329_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westfall RE. Galactagogue herbs: a qualitative study and review. Can J Midwifery Res Pract. 2003;2(2):22\u201327.","DOI":"10.22374\/cjmrp.v2i2.184"},{"key":"329_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120911050","volume":"12","author":"T Sim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sim T, Hattingh H, Sherriff J, Tee L. The use, perceived effectiveness and safety of herbal galactagogues during breastfeeding: a qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12:11050\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"329_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00294-X","volume":"72","author":"K Chifundera","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chifundera K. Contribution to the inventory of medicinal plants from the Bushi area, south Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Fitoterapia. 2001;72:351\u201368.","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"329_CR17","volume-title":"Carta fitogeogr\u00e1fica de Angola","author":"LAG Barbosa","year":"1970","unstructured":"Barbosa LAG. Carta fitogeogr\u00e1fica de Angola. Luanda: Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o; 1970."},{"key":"329_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","volume":"11","author":"MC Peel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA. Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci. 2007;11:1633\u201344.","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"329_CR19","unstructured":"CENSO. CENSO. Luanda; 2014. Available from: http:\/\/censo.ine.gov.ao\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=censo2014&xpgid=provincias&provincias-generic-detail_qry=BOUI=10327871&actualmenu=10327871."},{"key":"329_CR20","unstructured":"Virtual Herbaria JACQ. Wien; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/herbarium.univie.ac.at\/database\/."},{"key":"329_CR21","unstructured":"Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Missouri; 2018. Available from: http:\/\/www.tropicos.org."},{"key":"329_CR22","unstructured":"Figueiredo E, Smith G. Plants of Angola = Plantas de Angola. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI); 2008."},{"key":"329_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-10-36","volume":"10","author":"M Ahmad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmad M, Sultana S, Fazl-I-Hadi S, Ben Hadda T, Rashid S, Zafar M, et al. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in high mountainous region of Chail valley (district swat- Pakistan). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2014;10:36.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"329_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b16292","volume-title":"Handbook of African medicinal plants","author":"M Iwu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iwu M. Handbook of African medicinal plants. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2014.","edition":"2"},{"key":"329_CR25","unstructured":"Kokwardo JO. Medicinal plants of East Africa. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press; 2009."},{"key":"329_CR26","unstructured":"Latham P, ku Mbuta AK. Useful plants of Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo: Salvation Army; 2014."},{"key":"329_CR27","unstructured":"Mbuta KK. Plantes m\u00e9dicinales de traditions: Province de l\u2019\u00c9quateur -- R.D. Congo: [Traditional medicinal plants: Province de l\u2019\u00c9quateur -- R.D. Congo]. Institut de recherche en sciences de la sant\u00e9; 2012.."},{"key":"329_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb04853.x","volume":"91","author":"ARP Walker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Walker ARP, Walker BF, Ncongwane J, Tshabalala EN. Age of menopause in black women in South Africa. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984;91:797\u2013801.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"329_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S15","volume":"11","author":"LM Lamberti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lamberti LM, Fischer Walker CL, Noiman A, Victora C, Black RE. Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:1\u201312.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"329_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.3.436","volume":"127","author":"M L\u00f3pez-Alarc\u00f3n","year":"1997","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Alarc\u00f3n M, Villalpando S, Fajardo A. Breast-feeding lowers the frequency and duration of acute respiratory infection and diarrhea in infants under six months of age. J Nutr. 1997;127:436\u201343.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"329_CR31","volume-title":"Das Hebammenbuch: Lehrbuch der praktischen Geburtshilfe [the midwifery book: textbook of practical obstetrics]","author":"C M\u00e4ndle","year":"2015","unstructured":"M\u00e4ndle C, Opitz-Kreuter S, Bosch A. Das Hebammenbuch: Lehrbuch der praktischen Geburtshilfe [the midwifery book: textbook of practical obstetrics]. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 2015."},{"key":"329_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.125296","volume":"110","author":"WH Oddy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oddy WH, Peat JK, de Klerk NH. Maternal asthma, infant feeding, and the risk of asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:65\u20137.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"329_CR33","unstructured":"F-75 therapeutic milk. Nutr.-Fr. Available from: https:\/\/www.nutriset.fr\/products\/en\/f-75-therapeutic-milk. [cited 2020 Mar 31]."},{"key":"329_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2006)60[374:CTOEKI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"60","author":"M Lozada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lozada M, Ladio A, Weigandt M. Cultural transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge in a rural community of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Econ Bot. 2006;60:374\u201385.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"key":"329_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/959285","volume":"2012","author":"S-L Mathez-Stiefel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mathez-Stiefel S-L, Vandebroek I. Distribution and transmission of medicinal plant knowledge in the Andean highlands: a case study from Peru and Bolivia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"329_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.29173\/irie38","volume":"7","author":"J Msuya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Msuya J. Challenges and opportunities in the protection and preservation of indigenous knowledge in Africa. Int Rev Inf Ethics. 2007;7:346\u201353.","journal-title":"Int Rev Inf Ethics"},{"key":"329_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/03670240500348771","volume":"44","author":"A Ufuan Achidi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ufuan Achidi A, Ajayi OA, Bokanga M, Maziya-Dixon B. The use of cassava leaves as food in Africa. Ecol Food Nutr. 2005;44:423\u201335.","journal-title":"Ecol Food Nutr"},{"key":"329_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19700078","volume":"24","author":"BO Eggum","year":"1970","unstructured":"Eggum BO. The protein quality of cassava leaves. Br J Nutr. 1970;24:761\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2225\/vol7-issue1-fulltext-9","volume":"7","author":"NJ Tonukari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tonukari NJ. Cassava and the future of starch. Electron J Biotechnol. 2004;7(1):5\u20138.","journal-title":"Electron J Biotechnol"},{"key":"329_CR40","volume-title":"Researchers get to the root of cassava\u2019s cyanide-producing abilities. ScienceDaily","author":"Ohio State University","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ohio State University. Researchers get to the root of cassava\u2019s cyanide-producing abilities. ScienceDaily. 2003; Available from: www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2003\/05\/030514080833.htm."},{"key":"329_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2003.12.008","volume":"57","author":"JG D\u00f3rea","year":"2004","unstructured":"D\u00f3rea JG. Cassava cyanogens and fish mercury are high but safely consumed in the diet of native Amazonians. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2004;57:248\u201356.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"329_CR42","unstructured":"Food Composition Databases Show Foods. Peanuts, all types, raw. FoodData Cent. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/fdc-app.html#\/?query=ndbNumber:16087."},{"key":"329_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2007-9","volume":"53","author":"SS Arya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arya SS, Salve AR, Chauhan S. Peanuts as functional food: a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2016;53:31\u201341.","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"329_CR44","unstructured":"Food Composition Databases Show Foods. Seeds, sesame seeds, whole, dried. FoodData Cent. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/fdc-app.html#\/?query=ndbNumber:12023."},{"key":"329_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(97)00051-0","volume":"49","author":"PM Emmett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Emmett PM, Rogers IS. Properties of human milk and their relationship with maternal nutrition. Early Hum Dev. 1997;49:S7\u201328.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"329_CR46","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Guidelines for healthy pregnant and Bbreastfeeding women: a background paper. Minist. Health NZ. 2008. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/publication\/food-and-nutrition-guidelines-healthy-pregnant-and-breastfeeding-women-background-paper [cited 2020 Mar 31]."},{"key":"329_CR47","first-page":"37","volume":"15","author":"L Nikniaz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nikniaz L, Mahdavi R, Arefhoesseini SR, Sowti KM. Association between fat content of breast milk and maternal nutritional status and infants\u2019 weight in Tabriz, Iran. Malays J Nutr. 2009;15:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Malays J Nutr"},{"key":"329_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.08.004","volume":"81","author":"J da Cunha","year":"2005","unstructured":"da Cunha J, Macedo da Costa TH, Ito MK. Influences of maternal dietary intake and suckling on breast milk lipid and fatty acid composition in low-income women from Brasilia, Brazil. Early Hum Dev. 2005;81:303\u201311.","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"329_CR49","first-page":"162","volume":"13","author":"AA Zuppa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zuppa AA, Sindico P, Orchi C, Carducci C, Cardiello V, Catenazzi P, et al. Safety and efficacy of galactogogues: substances that induce, maintain and increase breast milk production. J Pharm Sci. 2010;13:162.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"329_CR50","unstructured":"Schaefer C, Peters P, Miller RK. Drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007."},{"key":"329_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-018-0238-3","volume":"14","author":"T Lautenschl\u00e4ger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lautenschl\u00e4ger T, Monizi M, Pedro M, Mandombe JL, Br\u00e1nquima MF, Heinze C, et al. First large-scale ethnobotanical survey in the province of U\u00edge, northern Angola. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:51.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"329_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-016-0116-9","volume":"12","author":"A G\u00f6hre","year":"2016","unstructured":"G\u00f6hre A, Toto-Nienguesse \u00c1B, Futuro M, Neinhuis C, Lautenschl\u00e4ger T. Plants from disturbed savannah vegetation and their usage by Bakongo tribes in U\u00edge, Northern Angola. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016;12:42.","journal-title":"J Ethnobiol Ethnomed"},{"key":"329_CR53","volume-title":"Nutrition During Lactation","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation","year":"1991","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation. Nutrition During Lactation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1991."},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5455\/jasa.20130219104112","volume":"3","author":"A Gunol","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunol A, Delphin K, Edwige A, Sylvie A. Effects of leaves extract from Spondias mombin L. and Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn F. on west African dwarf (WAD) sheep performance in Republic of Benin. J Anim Sci Adv. 2013;3(2):74\u201382.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Adv"},{"key":"329_CR55","first-page":"144","volume":"2","author":"OR Asuquo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asuquo OR, Ekanem TB, Eluwa MA, Oko OO, Ikpi DE. Evaluation of toxicological effects of Spondias mombin in adult male wistar rats. J Nat Sci Res. 2012;2:144\u201351.","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"329_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199909)13:6<494::AID-PTR490>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"13","author":"KA Abo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abo KA, Ogunleye VO, Ashidi JS. Antimicrobial potential of Spondias mombin, Croton zambesicus and Zygotritonia crocea. Phytother Res. 1999;13(6):494\u20137.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"329_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/13880208509069004","volume":"23","author":"AO Ajao","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ajao AO, Shonukan O, Femi-onadeko B. Antibacterial effect of aqueous and alcohol extracts of Spondias mombin, and Alchornea cordifolia - two local antimicrobial remedies. Int J Crude Drug Res. 1985;23:67\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Crude Drug Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"329_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992011000400018","volume":"17","author":"A Silva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Silva A, Morais SM, Marques MMM, Lima DM, Santos SCC, Almeida RR, Vieira IGP, Guedes MIF. Antiviral activities of extracts and phenolic components of two Spondias species against dengue virus. J Venomous Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2011;17(4):406\u201313.","journal-title":"J Venomous Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR59","first-page":"129","volume":"11","author":"AO Ayoka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ayoka AO, Akomolafe RO, Akinsomisoye OS, Ukponmwan OE. Medicinal and economic value of Spondias mombin. Afr J Biomed Res. 2008;11(2):129\u201336.","journal-title":"Afr J Biomed Res"},{"key":"329_CR60","unstructured":"Suresh K, Deepa P, Harisaranraj R, Vaira AV. Antimicrobial and phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Carica papaya L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Euphorbia hirta L., Melia azedarach L. and Psidium guajava L. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2008;(1):157."},{"key":"329_CR61","first-page":"498","volume":"3","author":"E-MM Abubakar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abubakar E-MM. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Euphorbia hirta against some bacteria associated with enteric infections. J Med Plant Res. 2009;3:498\u2013505.","journal-title":"J Med Plant Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Y Raja Ratna Reddy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raja Ratna Reddy Y, Krishna Kumari C, Lokanatha O, Mamatha S, Damodar Reddy C. Antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf, bark and seed extracts. Int J Res Phytochemistry Pharmacol. 2013;3(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Res Phytochemistry Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"329_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7020032","volume":"7","author":"A Tsopmo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsopmo A. Phytochemicals in human milk and their potential antioxidative protection. Antioxidants. 2018;7(2):32.","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"329_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.07.015","volume":"29","author":"BJ Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song BJ, Jouni ZE, Ferruzzi MG. Assessment of phytochemical content in human milk during different stages of lactation. Nutrition. 2013;29:195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"329_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.09.004","volume":"68","author":"RJ Molyneux","year":"2007","unstructured":"Molyneux RJ, Lee ST, Gardner DR, Panter KE, James LF. Phytochemicals: the good, the bad and the ugly? Phytochemistry. 2007;68:2973\u201385.","journal-title":"Phytochemistry."},{"key":"329_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2011.0122","volume":"7","author":"K Budzynska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Budzynska K, Gardner ZE, Dugoua J-J, Low Dog T, Gardiner P. Systematic review of breastfeeding and herbs. Breastfeed Med. 2012;7:489\u2013503.","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"329_CR67","unstructured":"Laman K. The Kongo. Uppsala: Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia; 1953."},{"key":"329_CR68","unstructured":"Laman K. The Kongo. Uppsala: Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia; 1957."},{"key":"329_CR69","unstructured":"Laman K. The Kongo. Uppsala: Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia; 1962."},{"key":"329_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Torres MI, V\u00e1squez-Garibay E. Food taboos among nursing mothers of Mexico. J Health Popul Nutr. 2003:142\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4242-8_37"},{"key":"329_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20628","volume":"19","author":"BA Piperata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Piperata BA, Dufour DL. Diet, energy expenditure, and body composition of lactating Ribeirinha women in the brazilian amazon. Am J Hum Biol. 2007;19:722\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"329_CR72","unstructured":"Food Composition Databases Show Foods -- Pork, fresh, ground, cooked. FoodData Cent. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/fdc-app.html#\/?query=ndbNumber:10220."},{"key":"329_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12162","volume":"19","author":"O Djurkovi\u0107-Djakovi\u0107","year":"2013","unstructured":"Djurkovi\u0107-Djakovi\u0107 O, Bobi\u0107 B, Nikoli\u0107 A, Klun I, Dupouy-Camet J. Pork as a source of human parasitic infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:586\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"329_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.7439\/ijbar.v7i8.3539","volume":"7","author":"K Kouser Banu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kouser Banu K, Gopinath P, Anandarajan B, Mohamed Ismail Sheriff A, Sadhasivam M, Selvakumar J. Food taboos during antenatal and postpartum period among the women of rural and urban areas of Tamilnadu. Int J Biomed Adv Res. 2016;7:393\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Adv Res"},{"key":"329_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.001172","volume":"3","author":"LH Allen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allen LH. B vitamins in breast milk: relative importance of maternal status and intake, and effects on infant status and function. Adv Nutr. 2012;3:362\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"329_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-959694","volume":"59","author":"J Galvez","year":"1993","unstructured":"Galvez J, Zarzuelo A, Crespo M, Lorente M, Ocete M, Jim\u00e9nez J. Antidiarrhoeic activity of Euphorbia hirta extract and isolation of an active flavonoid constituent. Planta Med. 1993;59:333\u20136.","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"329_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2007.B0352","volume":"8","author":"AF Eleyinmi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eleyinmi AF. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Gongronema latifolium. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2007;8:352\u20138.","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"329_CR78","first-page":"189","volume":"2","author":"C Nwinyi Obinna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nwinyi Obinna C, Chinedu Nwodo S, Ajani OO. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava and Gongronema latifolium. J Med Plant Res. 2008;2:189\u201392.","journal-title":"J Med Plant Res"},{"key":"329_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60105-7","volume":"3","author":"VS Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar VS, Navaratnam V. Neem (Azadirachta indica): prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3:505\u201314.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"329_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.01.022","volume":"111","author":"P Thakurta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thakurta P, Bhowmik P, Mukherjee S, Hajra TK, Patra A, Bag PK. Antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of Azadirachta indica used to treat cholera and diarrhea in India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111:607\u201312.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"329_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.05.014","volume":"189","author":"W Sujarwo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sujarwo W, Keim AP, Caneva G, Toniolo C, Nicoletti M. Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica a.Juss.; Meliaceae) leaves in Bali (Indonesia) and the Indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;189:186\u201393.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"329_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12987","DOI":"10.5812\/ajcmi.12987","volume":"5","author":"L Maleki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maleki L, Sadeghian-Rizi T, Ghannadian M, Sanati MH, Shafizadegan S, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H. Antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts against some pathogenic standards and clinical bacterial isolates. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;5(1):12987.","journal-title":"Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["International Breastfeeding Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13006-020-00329-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13006-020-00329-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13006-020-00329-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T09:47:01Z","timestamp":1723801621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13006-020-00329-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-020-00329-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-4358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-4358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee Office of Kimpa Vita University in U\u00edge had unanimously approved that the study is in according with the standards and regulations established by the committee of the institution.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"88"}}