{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:37:50Z","timestamp":1792679870697,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Breastfeed J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Existing knowledge on the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the context of Nigeria is minimal and limited to a lifelong measure of IPV experience. An abuse experienced a long time ago may not have as much negative effect as that encountered at a more proximal time to the breastfeeding phase. To this effect, we examined this relationship with maternal IPV experienced around the time of pregnancy and postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The sample includes 2668 breastfeeding mothers having a child aged under 6 months. The outcome variable was EBF or mixed-feeding (24\u2009h recall). The exposure variables were: the maternal experience of psychological, physical, and sexual intimate partner violence. Also, there was an experience of any form of IPV and frequency score of intimate partner violence. Analysis includes chi-square and t-test bivariates, complete case and imputed logistic regressions for binary outcome.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In the imputed analysis, compared to mothers who experienced no IPV, those who experienced IPV had a 26% reduced likelihood of EBF practice (AOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.55, 1.00). Also, a unit dose of maternal IPV experience was associated with a 5% reduced likelihood of EBF practice (AOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.49, 0.98). Among the three forms of IPV, physical IPV had the highest effect size. Physical IPV was associated with a 37% reduced likelihood of EBF practice (AOR 0.63; 95% CI 0.44, 0.90), while psychological IPV was associated with a 34% reduced likelihood of EBF practice (AOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.47, 0.92), when compared to the respective reference groups. On the other hand, those who reported sexual IPV were just as likely to breastfeed as those who did not (AOR 0.94; 95% CI 0.62, 1.41).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, maternal IPV is associated with EBF practice. Policies aimed at promoting EBF should also be framed to combat IPV against pregnant women and nursing mothers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-021-00361-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T08:02:59Z","timestamp":1611388979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Intimate partner violence and exclusive breastfeeding of infants: analysis of the 2013 Nigeria demographic and health survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tolulope","family":"Ariyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4645-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanbao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"361_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44868","volume":"7","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takahashi K, Ganchimeg T, Ota E, Vogel JP, Souza JP, Laopaiboon M, et al. Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding and determinants of delayed initiation of breastfeeding: secondary analysis of the WHO global survey. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"361_CR2","volume-title":"10 facts on breastfeeding","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 10 facts on breastfeeding. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Accessed 26 Nov 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/features\/factfiles\/breastfeeding\/en\/"},{"key":"361_CR3","volume-title":"Global strategy for infant and young child feeding, the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding, the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001."},{"key":"361_CR4","volume-title":"Infant and young child nutrition: Global strategy on infant and young child feeding","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Infant and young child nutrition: Global strategy on infant and young child feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002."},{"key":"361_CR5","volume-title":"Media centre","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Media centre (2011). Accessed 20 Oct 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/statements\/2011\/breastfeeding_20110115\/en\/"},{"key":"361_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4913-4","volume":"17","author":"MN Khan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khan MN, Islam MM. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: a nationally representative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:889.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"361_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-7-34","volume":"7","author":"CAS Karamagi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Karamagi CAS, Tumwine JK, Tylleskar T, Heggenhougen K. Intimate partner violence and infant morbidity: evidence of an association from a population-based study in eastern Uganda in 2003. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7:34.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"361_CR8","volume-title":"Women\u2019s Health Psychology","author":"J Hahn-Holbrook","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hahn-Holbrook J, Schetter CD, Haselton M. Breastfeeding and maternal mental and physical health. In: Spiers M, Geller P, Kloss J, editors. Women\u2019s Health Psychology. New Jersey: Wiley; 2013."},{"key":"361_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8","volume":"359","author":"JC Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet. 2002;359:1331\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"361_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2201","volume":"20","author":"C Cerulli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cerulli C, Talbot NL, Tang W, Chaudron LH. Co-occurring intimate partner violence and mental health diagnoses in perinatal women. J Women's Health. 2011;20:1797\u2013803.","journal-title":"J Women's Health"},{"key":"361_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12239","volume":"63","author":"H Al-Modallal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Modallal H. Effect of intimate partner violence on health of women of Palestinian origin. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63:259\u201366.","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"key":"361_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01735-5","volume":"55","author":"R Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson R, Nandi A, Jaswal S, Harper S. The effect of intimate partner violence on women\u2019s mental distress: a prospective cohort study of 3010 rural Indian women. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55:71\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"361_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.06.008","volume":"31","author":"PA Ali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ali PA, Dhingra K, McGarry J. A literature review of intimate partner violence and its classifications. Aggress Violent Behav. 2016;31:16\u201325.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"361_CR14","volume-title":"Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013","author":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF international; 2014. Available online: http:\/\/measuredhs.com\/publications\/publication-sr171-summary-reports-key-findings.cfm Accessed 10 Aug 2019"},{"key":"361_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.02.042","volume":"72","author":"KM Yount","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yount KM, DiGirolamo AM, Ramakrishnan U. Impacts of domestic violence on child growth and nutrition: a conceptual review of the pathways of influence. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72:1534\u201354.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"361_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00156","volume":"13","author":"I Mueller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mueller I, Tronick E. Early life exposure to violence: developmental consequences on brain and behavior. Front Behav Neurosci. 2019;13:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"361_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(199524)16:4<259::AID-IMHJ2280160403>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"16","author":"MS Scheeringa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scheeringa MS, Zeanah CH. Symptom expression and trauma variables in children under 48 months of age. Infant Ment Health J. 1995;16:259\u201370.","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"361_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.09.002","volume":"30","author":"GA Bogat","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bogat GA, DeJonghe E, Levendosky AA, Davidson WS, Von Eye A. Trauma symptoms among infants exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Abus Negl. 2006;30:109\u201325.","journal-title":"Child Abus Negl"},{"key":"361_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15592","volume":"126","author":"S Martin-de-las-Heras","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin-de-las-Heras S, Velasco C, Luna-del-Castillo JD, Khan KS. Breastfeeding avoidance following psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy: a cohort study and multivariate analysis. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;126:778\u201383.","journal-title":"BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"361_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.934","volume":"15","author":"JG Silverman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silverman JG, Decker MR, Reed E, Raj A. Intimate partner violence around the time of pregnancy: association with breastfeeding behavior. J Women's Health. 2006;15:934\u201340.","journal-title":"J Women's Health"},{"key":"361_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.04.005","volume":"53","author":"HL Sipsma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sipsma HL, Magriples U, Divney A, Gordon D, Gabzdyl E, Kershaw T. Breastfeeding behavior among adolescents: initiation, duration, and exclusivity. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53:394\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"361_CR22","first-page":"11","volume":"22","author":"JP James","year":"2014","unstructured":"James JP, Taft A, Amir LH, Agius P. Does intimate partner violence impact on women\u2019s initiation and duration of breastfeeding? Breastfeed Rev. 2014;22:11\u20139.","journal-title":"Breastfeed Rev"},{"key":"361_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13339","volume":"73","author":"H Finnbogad\u00f3ttir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finnbogad\u00f3ttir H, Thies-Lagergren L. Breastfeeding in the context of domestic violence a cross-sectional study. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73:3209\u201319.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"361_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-019-00077-9","volume":"35","author":"N Metheny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Metheny N, Stephenson R. Is intimate partner violence a barrier to breastfeeding? An analysis of the 2015 Indian National Family Health Survey. J Fam Violence. 2020;35:53\u201364.","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"key":"361_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-016-0692-7","volume":"20","author":"MJ Islam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Islam MJ, Baird K, Mazerolle P, Broidy L. Exploring the influence of psychosocial factors on exclusive breastfeeding in Bangladesh. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2017;20:173\u201388.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"361_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1294-x","volume":"18","author":"ES Misch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Misch ES, Yount KM. Intimate partner violence and breastfeeding in Africa. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18:688\u201397.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"361_CR27","unstructured":"UNESCO. Education Literacy rate(2018). http:\/\/data.uis.unesco.org\/. Accessed 20 Aug 2019."},{"key":"361_CR28","volume-title":"Nigeria. Encycl. Br","author":"M Kirk-Greene","year":"2019","unstructured":"Falola TO, Kirk-Greene M, Hamilton A, Ade Ajayi JF, Udo RK. Nigeria. Encycl. Br. 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Nigeria Accessed 27 Nov 2019."},{"key":"361_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/351733","volume":"41","author":"MA Strauss","year":"1979","unstructured":"Strauss MA. Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the conflict tactics (CT) scales. J Marriage Fam. 1979;41:75\u201388.","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"key":"361_CR30","volume-title":"Profiling domestic violence: a multi-country study","author":"S Kishor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kishor S, Johnson K. Profiling domestic violence: a multi-country study. Calverton, Maryland: MEASURE DHS+, ORC Macro; 2004."},{"key":"361_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0628-7","volume":"18","author":"FO Benebo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benebo FO, Schumann B, Vaezghasemi M. Intimate partner violence against women in Nigeria: a multilevel study investigating the effect of women\u2019s status and community norms. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18:136.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"361_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-913","volume":"12","author":"M Rahman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rahman M, Nakamura K, Seino K, Kizuki M. Intimate partner violence and use of reproductive health services among married women: evidence from a national Bangladeshi sample. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:913.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"361_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sunmola AM, Sambo MN, Mayungbo OA, Morakinyo LA. Moderating effect of husband\u2019s controlling attitudes on the relation between women\u2019s household decision-making autonomy and intimate partner violence experience in Nigeria. J Interpers Violence. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519888534.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888534"},{"key":"361_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12181","volume":"56","author":"A Weitzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weitzman A. Does increasing women\u2019s education reduce their risk of intimate partner violence? Evidence from an education policy reform. Criminology. 2018;56:574\u2013607.","journal-title":"Criminology."},{"key":"361_CR35","volume-title":"Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001."},{"key":"361_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-6-2","volume":"6","author":"KL Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan KL. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age in peninsular Malaysia. Int Breastfeed J. 2011;6:2.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"361_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2774-7","volume":"10","author":"KA Mensah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mensah KA, Acheampong E, Anokye FO, Okyere P, Appiah-Brempong E, Adjei RO. Factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers in a peri-urban district of Ghana. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:466.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"361_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-017-0110-4","volume":"12","author":"FA Ogbo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogbo FA, Eastwood J, Page A, Arora A, McKenzie A, Jalaludin B, et al. Prevalence and determinants of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding in the early postnatal period in Sydney. Int Breastfeed J. 2017;12:16.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"361_CR39","unstructured":"UCLA: Statistical Consulting Group. Multiple imputation in Stata https:\/\/stats.idre.ucla.edu\/stata\/seminars\/mi_in_stata_pt1_new\/ Accessed 10 Oct 2019."},{"key":"361_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1198\/tast.2009.0030","volume":"63","author":"E Koehler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koehler E, Brown E, Haneuse SJPA. On the assessment of Monte Carlo error in simulation-based statistical analyses. Am Stat. 2009;63:155\u201362.","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"361_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Social Science Computing Cooperative. Multiple imputation in Stata: Estimating. (2012). https:\/\/www.ssc.wisc.edu\/sscc\/pubs\/stata_mi_estimate.htm. Accessed 12 Oct 2019.","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1201200301"},{"key":"361_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838007304406","volume":"8","author":"KA Kendall-Tackett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kendall-Tackett KA. Violence against women and the perinatal period: the impact of lifetime violence and abuse on pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2007;8:344\u201353.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"361_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334407300387","volume":"23","author":"SK Klingelhafer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klingelhafer SK. Sexual abuse and breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 2007;23:194\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"361_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12057","volume":"11","author":"S Zureick-Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zureick-Brown S, Lavilla K, Yount KM. Intimate partner violence and infant feeding practices in India: a cross-sectional study. Matern Child Nutr. 2015;11:792\u2013802.","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"361_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00038-3","volume":"78","author":"L Heise","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heise L, Ellsberg M, Gottmoeller M. A global overview of gender-based violence. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2002;78(Suppl 1):S5\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"361_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31827e6b71","volume":"56","author":"K D\u2019Apolito","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Apolito K. Breastfeeding and substance abuse. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56:202\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"361_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2144-0","volume":"15","author":"HB Urke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Urke HB, Mittelmark MB. Associations between intimate partner violence, childcare practices and infant health: findings from demographic and health surveys in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:819.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"361_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-511","volume":"11","author":"D Antai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Antai D. Controlling behavior, power relations within intimate relationships and intimate partner physical and sexual violence against women in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:511.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"361_CR49","first-page":"13","volume":"13","author":"D Adams","year":"1990","unstructured":"Adams D. Identifying the assaultive husband in court: you be the judge. Response to the Victimization of Women & Children. 1990;13(1):13\u20136.","journal-title":"Response to the Victimization of Women & Children."},{"key":"361_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2004.03003.x","volume":"46","author":"SKF Kong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kong SKF, Lee DTF. Factors influencing decision to breastfeed. J Adv Nurs. 2004;46:369\u201379.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"361_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caleyachetty R, Uthman OA, Bekele HN, Mart\u00edn-Ca\u00f1avate R, Marais D, Coles J, et al. Maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and breastfeeding practices in 51 low-income and middle-income countries: a population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2019;16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002921"},{"key":"361_CR52","first-page":"330","volume":"82","author":"N Abrahams","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abrahams N, Jewkes R, Hoffman M, Laubsher R. Sexual violence against intimate partners in Cape Town: prevalence and risk factors reported by men. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:330\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"361_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/174701610800400102","volume":"4","author":"AJ Ajuwon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ajuwon AJ, Adegbite O. Ethical and methodological challenges involved in research on sexual violence in Nigeria. Res Ethics. 2008;4:3\u20139.","journal-title":"Res Ethics"},{"key":"361_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00878.x","volume":"35","author":"RC Davis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davis RC, Taylor BG. A proactive response to family violence: the results of a randomized experiment. Criminology. 1997;35:307\u201333.","journal-title":"Criminology."},{"key":"361_CR55","first-page":"662","volume":"46","author":"R Kidman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kidman R. Child marriage and intimate partner violence: a comparative study of 34 countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:662\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"361_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.08.008","volume":"57","author":"A Peterman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peterman A, Bleck J, Palermo T. Age and intimate partner violence: an analysis of global trends among women experiencing victimization in 30 developing countries. J Adolesc Health. 2015;57:624\u201330.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"}],"container-title":["International Breastfeeding Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13006-021-00361-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13006-021-00361-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13006-021-00361-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T12:11:36Z","timestamp":1674907896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13006-021-00361-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-021-00361-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-4358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-4358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was based on a secondary analysis of an existing dataset with all participant\u2019s identifiers removed. Written consent was obtained from the participants to participate in the survey. The survey instruments followed the Helsinki guidelines and received ethical approval from the National Ethics Committee in the Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria, and from the Ethics Committee of the Opinion Research Corporation of Macro International Inc., Calverton, MD, USA (NHREC\/01\/01\/2007). Permission to use the 2013 Nigeria DHS data for this study was obtained from ICF Macro Inc. through MEASURE DHS.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15"}}