{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T13:23:14Z","timestamp":1771248194701,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Breastfeed J"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-025-00722-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:16:29Z","timestamp":1769066189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cI will breastfeed until the pandemic has ceased to protect her at all costs\u201d: a qualitative analysis of black breastfeeding mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chanell O.","family":"Haley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily E.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyra T.","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kahler W.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathy G.","family":"McElderry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandra R.","family":"Story","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feinstein J, Slora EJ, Bernstein HH. Telehealth can promote breastfeeding during the Covid-19 pandemic. NEJM Catalyst. 2021;2(2).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.147.3_MeetingAbstract.989-a"},{"key":"722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhillon S, Dhillon PS. Telelactation: A necessary skill with puppet adjuncts during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Hum Lact. 2020;36(4):619\u201321.","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420958623"},{"key":"722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirci JR. Breastfeeding support in the time of COVID-19. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2020;34(4):297\u20139.","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000521"},{"key":"722_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder K, Worlton G. Social support during COVID-19: Perspectives of breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeed Med. 2021;16(1):39\u201345.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0200"},{"key":"722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu Hoang D, Cashin J, Gribble K, Marinelli K, Mathisen R. Misalignment of global COVID-19 breastfeeding and newborn care guidelines with World Health Organization recommendations. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020;3(2):339\u201350.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000184"},{"key":"722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomori C, Gribble K, Palmquist AEL, Ververs M, Gross MS. When separation is not the answer: Breastfeeding mothers and infants affected by COVID-19. Matern Child Nutr. 2020;16(4):e13033","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13033"},{"key":"722_CR7","unstructured":"Lind JN, Perrine CG, Li R, Scanlon KS, Grummer-Strawn LM. Racial disparities in access to maternity care practices that support breastfeeding \u2014 United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(33):725-8."},{"key":"722_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Profit J, Gould JB, Bennett M, Goldstein BA, Draper D, Phibbs CS, et al. Racial\/ethnic disparity in NICU quality of care delivery. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20170918.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0918"},{"key":"722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigurdson K, Morton C, Mitchell B, Profit J. Disparities in NICU quality of care: A qualitative study of family and clinician accounts. J Perinatol. 2018;38(5):600\u20137.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0057-3"},{"key":"722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asiodu IV, Bugg K, Palmquist AEL. Achieving breastfeeding equity and justice in Black communities: Past, present, and future. Breastfeed Med. 2021;16(6):447\u201351.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0314"},{"key":"722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millett GA, Jones AT, Benkeser D, Baral S, Mercer L, Beyrer C, et al. Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on Black communities. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;47:37\u201344.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.05.003"},{"key":"722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okonkwo NE, Aguwa UT, Jang M, Barr\u00e9 IA, Page KR, Sullivan PS, et al. COVID-19 and the US response: Accelerating health inequities. BMJ Evid-Based Med. 2021;26(4):176\u20139.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2020-111426"},{"key":"722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected. Interim guidance. Pediatr Med Rodz. 2020;16(1):9\u201326.","DOI":"10.15557\/PiMR.2020.0003"},{"key":"722_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira A, Cruz-Melguizo S, Adrien M, Fuentes L, Marin E, Forti A, et al. Breastfeeding mothers with COVID-19 infection: A case series. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15:1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-020-00314-8"},{"key":"722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox A, Marino J, Amanat F, Krammer F, Hahn-Holbrook J, Zolla-Pazner S, et al. Robust and secretory IgA against SARS-CoV-2 detected in human milk. iScience. 2020;23(11).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101735"},{"key":"722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu Y, Xu J, Li Y, Hu Y, Li B. Breast Milk-fed Infant of COVID-19 Pneumonia Mother: A case report. preprint. Research Square; 2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-20792\/v1"},{"key":"722_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"722_CR18","unstructured":"Abrams SA. With the baby formula shortage, what should I do if I can\u2019t find any. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2022."},{"key":"722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang KV, Li R, Anstey EH, Perrine CG. Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding initiation \u2500 United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(21):769\u201374.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021a1"},{"key":"722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson K, Fial A, Hanson L. Racism, bias, and discrimination as modifiable barriers to breastfeeding for African American women: A scoping review of the literature. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2019;64(6):734\u201342.","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13058"},{"key":"722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones KM, Power ML, Queenan JT, Schulkin J. Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 2015;10(4):186\u201396.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0152"},{"key":"722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidari Z, Kohan S, Keshvari M. Empowerment in breastfeeding as viewed by women: A qualitative study. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6(1):33.","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_34_16"},{"key":"722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurencin CT, McClinton A. The COVID-19 pandemic: A call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020;7:398\u2013402.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00756-0"},{"key":"722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross TT, Davis M, Anderson AK, Hall J, Hilyard K. Long-Term breastfeeding in African American mothers: A positive deviance inquiry of WIC participants. J Hum Lact. 2017;33(1):128\u201339.","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416680180"},{"key":"722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAdams RM. Beauty of breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 2021;37(1):13\u20134.","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420966973"},{"key":"722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schindler-Ruwisch J, Roess A, Robert RC, Napolitano M, Woody E, Thompson P, et al. Determinants of breastfeeding initiation and duration among African American DC WIC recipients: Perspectives of recent mothers. Womens Health Issues. 2019;29(6):513\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.07.003"},{"key":"722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer B, Wambach K, Domain EW. African American women\u2019s breastfeeding experiences: Cultural, personal, and political voices. Qual Health Res. 2015;25(7):974\u201387.","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732314554097"},{"key":"722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik AA, McFadden SM, Elharake J, Omer SB. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;26:100495.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100495"},{"key":"722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown A, Shenker N. Experiences of breastfeeding during COVID-19: Lessons for future practical and emotional support. Matern Child Nutr. 2021;17(1):e13088.","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13088"},{"key":"722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandula PS, Hudak ML. Remote lactation support in the COVID-19 era. NeoReviews. 2021;22(6):e392\u20137.","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.22-6-e392"},{"key":"722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson AM, Kirk R, Rooks AJ, Muzik M. Enhancing breastfeeding through healthcare support: Results from a focus group study of African American mothers. Matern Child Health J. 2016;20:92\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2085-y"},{"key":"722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyamfi A, O\u2019Neill B, Henderson WA, Lucas R. Black\/African American breastfeeding experience: Cultural, sociological, and health dimensions through an equity lens. Breastfeed Med. 2021;16(2):103\u201311.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0312"},{"key":"722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler M, Allen JA, Hoskins-Wroten J, Sanders-Bey T, Venegas RN, Webb I, et al. Structural racism and barriers to breastfeeding on Chicagoland\u2019s south side. Breastfeed Med. 2021;16(2):112\u20135.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0311"},{"key":"722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petit M, Smart DA, Sattler V, Wood NK. Examination of factors that contribute to breastfeeding disparities and inequities for Black women in the US. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2021;53(11):977\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2021.08.013"},{"key":"722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bugg GW, Bugg GW, Bugg CX. Breastfeeding communities for fatherhood: Laying the groundwork for the Black fatherhood, brotherhood, and manhood movement. Breastfeed Med. 2021;16(2):121\u20133.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0315"},{"key":"722_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sihota H, Oliffe J, Kelly MT, McCuaig F. Fathers\u2019 experiences and perspectives of breastfeeding: A scoping review. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(3):155798831985161.","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988319851616"},{"key":"722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauregard JL, Hamner HC, Chen J, Avila-Rodriguez W, Elam-Evans LD, Perrine CG. Racial disparities in breastfeeding initiation and duration Among U.S. infants born in 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(34):745\u20138.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6834a3"},{"key":"722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brockway M, Benzies K, Hayden KA. Interventions to improve breastfeeding self-efficacy and resultant breastfeeding rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Lact. 2017;33(3):486\u201399.","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334417707957"},{"key":"722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa CE, Masho SW, Carlyle KE, Mosavel M. Factors distinguishing positive deviance among low-income African American women: A qualitative study on infant feeding. J Hum Lact. 2017;33(2):368\u201378.","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416673048"},{"key":"722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shipp GM, Weatherspoon LJ, Comstock SS, Norman GS, Alexander GL, Gardiner JC, et al. Breastfeeding self-efficacy as a predictor of breastfeeding intensity among African American women in the mama bear feasibility trial. Breastfeed Med. 2022;17(5):453\u20138.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2021.0301"},{"key":"722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howell EA, Zeitlin J. Improving hospital quality to reduce disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(5):266\u201372.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.04.002"},{"key":"722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyles TEH, Umi SA, Madubuonwu S, Stiles A, Devane-Johnson S, Scott H, et al. Breastfeeding sisters that are receiving support: Community-based peer support program created for and by Women of Color. Breastfeed Med. 2021;16(2):165\u201370.","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0313"},{"key":"722_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Standish KR, Parker MG. Social determinants of breastfeeding in the United States. Clin Ther. 2022;44(2):186\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.11.010"},{"key":"722_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis-Reilly H, Fuller-Sankofa N, Tibbs C. Breastfeeding in the community: Addressing disparities through policy, systems, and environmental changes interventions. J Hum Lact. 2018;34(2):262\u201371.","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334418759055"}],"container-title":["International Breastfeeding Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13006-025-00722-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13006-025-00722-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13006-025-00722-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:41:54Z","timestamp":1771245714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13006-025-00722-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13006-025-00722-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1746-4358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1746-4358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}