{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T06:06:25Z","timestamp":1794377185142,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000297","name":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Implementation Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-019-0932-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T13:02:49Z","timestamp":1566565369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Understanding the influences on successful quality improvement in emergency general surgery: learning from the RCS Chole-QuIC project"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"name":"On behalf of the Chole-QuIC collaborator group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0206-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Bamber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Beckingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nial F.","family":"Quiney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Abercrombie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9993","key":"932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60160-X","volume":"386","author":"JG Meara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meara JG, Leather AJM, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N, Ameh EA, et al. Global Surgery 2030: Evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet. 2015;386(9993):569\u2013624.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1","key":"932_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2008.029165","volume":"19","author":"AK Jha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jha AK, Prasopa-Plaizier N, Larizgoitia I, Bates DW. Patient safety research: an overview of the global evidence. Qual Saf Heal Care. 2010;19(1):42\u20137 Available from: http:\/\/qualitysafety.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/qshc.2008.029165 .","journal-title":"Qual Saf Heal Care"},{"key":"932_CR3","unstructured":"Royal College of Surgeons of England, Department of Health. The higher risk general surgical patient. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/www.rcseng.ac.uk\/-\/media\/files\/rcs\/about-rcs\/regional\/rcs_emergency_surgery_2011_web.pdf . Accessed 19 Aug 2019."},{"key":"932_CR4","unstructured":"Watson R, Crump H, Imison C, Currie C, Gaskins M. Emergency general surgery: challenges and opportunities Research report. 2016. Available from: www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk\/publications\/"},{"key":"932_CR5","unstructured":"Abercrombie J. General Surgery: GIRFT Programme National Specialty Report. London; 2016. Available from:\u00a0 http:\/\/gettingitrightfirsttime.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/GIRFT-GeneralSurgeryReport-Aug17v1.pdf . Accessed 19 Aug 2019."},{"key":"932_CR6","volume-title":"Issues in professional practice pathway for the management of acute gallstone","author":"AUGIS","year":"2015","unstructured":"AUGIS. Issues in professional practice pathway for the management of acute gallstone. 2015."},{"issue":"12","key":"932_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10287","volume":"103","author":"RS Vohra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vohra RS, Pasquali S, Kirkham AJ, Marriott P, Johnstone M, Spreadborough P, et al. Population-based cohort study of outcomes following cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases. Br J Surg. 2016;103(12):1704\u201315.","journal-title":"Br J Surg."},{"key":"932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CholeS Study Group WMRC. Population-based cohort study of variation in the use of emergency cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases. Br J Surg. 2016;103(12):1716\u201326.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10288"},{"key":"932_CR9","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and care Excellence. Gallstone disease: diagnosis and initial management. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/CG188\/chapter\/1-Recommendations . Accessed 19 Aug 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"932_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-9-40","volume":"9","author":"M Power","year":"2014","unstructured":"Power M, Tyrrell PJ, Rudd AG, Tully MP, Dalton D, Marshall M, et al. Did a quality improvement collaborative make stroke care better? A cluster randomized trial. Implement Sci. 2014;9(1):40 Available from: http:\/\/www.implementationscience.com\/content\/9\/1\/40 .","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"7659","key":"932_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39570.749884.BE","volume":"336","author":"LMT Schouten","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schouten LMT, Hulscher MEJL, van Everdingen JJE, Huijsman R, Grol RPTM. Evidence for the impact of quality improvement collaboratives: systematic review. BMJ. 2008;336(7659):1491\u20134 Available from: http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2440907&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract .","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"932_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2017-006926","volume":"27","author":"S Wells","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wells S, Tamir O, Gray J, Naidoo D, Bekhit M, Goldmann D. Are quality improvement collaboratives effective? A systematic review. BMJ Qual Saf. 2018;27(3):226\u201340.","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf."},{"key":"932_CR13","unstructured":"Health Foundation. Improvement collaboratives in health care. 2014;21:1\u201337."},{"key":"932_CR14","unstructured":"Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Health P, Unit S, Michie S, et al. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. MRC. 2008;39 Available from: www.mrc.ac.uk\/complexinterventionsguidance ."},{"key":"932_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamber JR, Stephens TJ, Cromwell DA, Martin GP, Duncan E, Quiney NF, et al. Effectiveness of a quality improvement collaborative approach in reducing time to surgery for patients requiring emergency cholecystectomy. BJS Open. 2019; in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs5.50221"},{"key":"932_CR16","volume-title":"The breakthrough series: IHI\u2019s collaborative model for achieving breakthrough improvement","author":"IHI Innovation Series White Paper","year":"2003","unstructured":"IHI Innovation Series White Paper. The breakthrough series: IHI\u2019s collaborative model for achieving breakthrough improvement. Boston: Institute for Healthcare Improvement; 2003. Available from: www.IHI.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"932_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2011-000651","volume":"22","author":"Marlies E J L Hulscher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hulscher MEJL, Schouten LMT, Grol RPTM, Buchan H. Determinants of success of quality improvement collaboratives: what does the literature show? BMJ Qual Saf. 2012:19\u201331.","journal-title":"BMJ Quality & Safety"},{"issue":"2","key":"932_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/milq.12016","volume":"91","author":"ERUM NADEEM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nadeem E, Olin S, Hill LC, Eaton K, Horwitz SM, Nadeem E, et al. Understanding the components of quality improvement collaboratives: a systematic literature review source. Milbank Quart. 2013;91(2):354\u201394\u00a0","journal-title":"Milbank Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"932_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9658","volume":"102","author":"S Huddart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huddart S, Peden CJ, Swart M, McCormick B, Dickinson M, Mohammed MA, et al. Use of a pathway quality improvement care bundle to reduce mortality after emergency laparotomy. Br J Surg. 2015;102(1):57\u201366.","journal-title":"Br J Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"932_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2011.00625.x","volume":"89","author":"M Dixon-Woods","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dixon-Woods M, Bosk CL, Aveling EL, Goeschel C, Pronovost PJ. Explaining Michigan: developing an ex post theory of a quality improvement program. Milbank Q. 2011;89(2):167\u2013205.","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"issue":"10","key":"932_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2011-000760","volume":"21","author":"Mary Dixon-Woods","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dixon-Woods M, McNicol S, Martin G. Ten challenges in improving quality in healthcare: lessons from the Health Foundation\u2019s programme evaluations and relevant literature. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012;21(10):876\u201384.","journal-title":"BMJ Quality & Safety"},{"key":"932_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephens TJ, Peden CJ, Pearse RM, Shaw SE, Abbott TEF, Jones EL, et al. Improving care at scale: process evaluation of a multi-component quality improvement intervention to reduce mortality after emergency abdominal surgery (EPOCH trial). Implement Sci. 2018;13(1):142.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0823-9"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"932_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs.2010.046482","volume":"20","author":"A Langley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Langley A, Denis JL. Beyond evidence: The micropolitics of improvement. BMJ Qual Saf. 2011;20(SUPPL. 1):43\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf."},{"issue":"12","key":"932_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2015-004411","volume":"25","author":"Greg Ogrinc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ogrinc G, Davies L, Goodman D, Batalden P, Davidoff F, Stevens D. SQUIRE 2.0 ( Standards for QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence)\u00a0: revised publication guidelines from a detailed consensus process. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;25(12):986\u201392.","journal-title":"BMJ Quality & Safety"},{"key":"932_CR25","volume-title":"Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers","author":"R J","year":"2003","unstructured":"J R, Lewis J. Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. London: Sage; 2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"932_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","volume":"13","author":"NK Gale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research\u2014supplementary material: illustrative example of the use of the framework method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"issue":"1","key":"932_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-63","volume":"8","author":"E Murray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murray E, Treweek S, Pope C, MacFarlane A, Ballini L, Dowrick C, et al. Normalisation process theory: a framework for developing, evaluating and implementing complex interventions. BMC Med. 2010;8(1):63 Available from: http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\/1741-7015\/8\/63 .","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"932_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038509103208","volume":"43","author":"Carl May","year":"2009","unstructured":"May C, Finch T. Implementing, embedding, and integrating practices: an outline of normalization process theory. Sociology. 2009;43(3):535\u201354.","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"932_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May CR, Cummings A, Girling M, Bracher M, Mair FS, May CM, et al. Using normalization process theory in feasibility studies and process evaluations of complex healthcare interventions: a systematic review. Implement Sci. 2018;13(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0758-1"},{"key":"932_CR30","volume-title":"The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performancee","author":"G Langley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Langley G, Moen R, Nolan K. The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performancee. 2nd ed. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Publishers; 2009.","edition":"2"},{"key":"932_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter P, Ozieranski P, McNicol S, Power M, Dixon-Woods M. How collaborative are quality improvement collaboratives: a qualitative study in stroke care. Implement Sci. 2014;9(1):32.","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-9-32"},{"key":"932_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khodyakov D, Ridgely MS, Huang C, DeBartolo KO, Sorbero ME, Schneider EC. Project JOINTS: What factors affect bundle adoption in a voluntary quality improvement campaign? BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(1):38\u201347.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2014-003169"},{"key":"932_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braithwaite J, Churruca K, Long JC, Ellis LA, Herkes J. When complexity science meets implementation science: a theoretical and empirical analysis of systems change. BMC Medicine. 2018:1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1057-z"},{"key":"932_CR34","first-page":"1):1","volume":"16","author":"JE Reed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reed JE, Howe C, Doyle C, Bell D. Simple rules for evidence translation in complex systems: A qualitative study. Int J Qual Heal care. 2018;16:1):1\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Heal care."},{"key":"932_CR35","unstructured":"Gabbay J, le May A, Connell C, Klein J. Skilled for improvement? London: The Health Foundation; 2014."}],"container-title":["Implementation Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13012-019-0932-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13012-019-0932-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13012-019-0932-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T07:07:38Z","timestamp":1664176058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/implementationscience.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13012-019-0932-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13012-019-0932-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-5908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-5908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This evaluation was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Queen Mary University of London [QMREC1817a]. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and written information was provided at the start of the programme about the purpose of the evaluation, the voluntary nature of participation and assurances that no individual or hospital-level data would be disclosed.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"TS, JB, IB, NQ and GM received individual payments or salary support (through organisational payments) from the Royal College of Surgeons for the development, delivery and\/or evaluation of the Chole-QuIC project. The authors declare no other competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}