{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:48:23Z","timestamp":1778813303420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiat Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Some patients have noted a foul odor during radiation therapy sessions, but the cause of the odor remains unknown. Since we suspected that this phenomenon is due to ozone generated by ionizing radiation, this experimental study measured ozone concentrations in the treatment room and in a coiled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube placed within the radiation field.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We measured ozone concentrations using an ultraviolet absorption method and an ozone monitor. A PVC tube (inner diameter 7\u00a0mm, outer diameter 10\u00a0mm) was used to mimic the environment of the nasal cavity. The tube (790\u00a0cm) was coiled and set between two 4-cm-thick (for X-rays) or 2-cm-thick (for electron beams) water-equivalent solid phantoms. The sampling tube of the ozone monitor was inserted into the PVC tube, and the joint was sealed to prevent environmental air contamination. To measure ozone concentrations in the atmosphere, the sampling tube supplied with the unit was used. A linac was used on a full-sized treatment field (40\u00a0cm\u2009\u00d7\u200940\u00a0cm at a source-to-axis distance of 100\u00a0cm). The effect of an electron beam on ozone concentrations was also evaluated with a full-sized treatment field (40\u00a0cm\u2009\u00d7\u200940\u00a0cm at a source-to-surface distance of 100\u00a0cm).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ozone levels in the treatment room were undetectable before the start of daily treatment but reached 0.008 parts per million (ppm) or more at 1\u00a0h after the start of treatment. Concentrations then remained nearly constant at 0.010\u20130.015\u00a0ppm throughout the day. The maximum ozone concentration in the PVC tube was only 0.006\u00a0ppm, even when it was irradiated at 2400 monitor units\/min. Depending on the X-ray dose rate, the concentration increased to a maximum of 0.010\u00a0ppm with oxygen flowing into the other end of the tube at 1.5 L\/min. Ozone concentrations in the PVC tube did not differ significantly between X-ray and electron-beam irradiation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Only traces of ozone were found in the PVC tube that was used to mimic the nasal passages during radiation, these concentrations were too low for human perception. However, ozone concentrations did reach potentially detectable levels in the treatment room.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-022-02005-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T13:02:45Z","timestamp":1645534965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Generation of ozone during irradiation using medical linear accelerators: an experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Hara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Oobuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Isobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Takatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Sasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(91)90021-U","volume":"20","author":"SM Sagar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sagar SM, Thomas RJ, Loverock LT, Spittle MF. Olfactory sensations produced by high-energy photon irradiation of the olfactory receptor mucosa in humans. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;20:771\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"2005_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812450616","volume":"28","author":"JC Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang JC, Khakoo Y, Lightner DD, Wolden SL. Phantosmia during radiation therapy: a report of 2 cases. J Child Neurol. 2013;28:791\u20134.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2005_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrz060","volume":"60","author":"M Obinata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obinata M, Yamada K, Sasai K. Unusual olfactory perception during radiation sessions for primary brain tumors: a retrospective study. J Radiat Res. 2019;60:812\u20137.","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"key":"2005_CR4","unstructured":"Cancer Survivor Network. 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The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"39"}}