{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:01:32Z","timestamp":1771513292122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiat Oncol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-026-02790-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:25:20Z","timestamp":1770135920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting fractionation in prostate carbon ion therapy: first comparative analysis of biologically effective dose using mMKM with diverse parameters"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chi-Chuan","family":"Chiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keng-Li","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Hung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yu","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Mei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jui-Pin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2790_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214122","volume":"388","author":"FC Hamdy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, Metcalfe C, Davis M, Turner EL, et al. Fifteen-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(17):1547\u201358.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.02.045","volume":"104","author":"D Pasalic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pasalic D, Kuban DA, Allen PK, Tang C, Mesko SM, Grant SR, et al. Dose escalation for prostate adenocarcinoma: a long-term update on the outcomes of a phase 3, single institution randomized clinical trial. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 2019;104(4):790\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.04.022","volume":"63","author":"H Tsuji","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsuji H, Yanagi T, Ishikawa H, Kamada T, Mizoe J-e, Kanai T, et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy with carbon ion beams for prostate cancer. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 2005;63(4):1153\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.02.035","volume":"72","author":"M Wakatsuki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wakatsuki M, Tsuji H, Ishikawa H, Yanagi T, Kamada T, Nakano T, et al. Quality of life in men treated with carbon ion therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 2008;72(4):1010\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"9","key":"2790_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000903072470","volume":"85","author":"K Ando","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ando K, Kase Y. Biological characteristics of carbon-ion therapy. Int J Radiat Biol. 2009;85(9):715\u201328.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2790_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/8\/3271","volume":"60","author":"T Inaniwa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Inaniwa T, Kanematsu N, Matsufuji N, Kanai T, Shirai T, Noda K, et al. Reformulation of a clinical-dose system for carbon-ion radiotherapy treatment planning at the National Institute of radiological Sciences, Japan. Phys Med Biol. 2015;60(8):3271.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-023-02267-8","volume":"18","author":"W Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang W, Sun W, Shen H, Zhao J. Validation of the relative biological effectiveness of active-energy scanning carbon-ion radiotherapy on a commercial treatment planning system with a microdosimetic kinetic model. Radiat Oncol. 2023;18(1):82.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2790_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.191","volume":"110","author":"T Nomiya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nomiya T, Tsuji H, Maruyama K, Toyama S, Suzuki H, Akakura K, et al. Phase I\/II trial of definitive carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer: evaluation of shortening of treatment period to 3 weeks. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(10):2389\u201395.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2790_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5045","volume":"12","author":"YM Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang YM, Ishikawa H, Inaniwa T, Iwai Y, Matsufuji N, Kasuya G, et al. The clinical relative biological effectiveness and prostate-specific antigen kinetics of carbon\u2010ion radiotherapy in low\u2010risk prostate cancer. Cancer Med. 2023;12(2):1540\u201351.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2790_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2024.101705","volume":"10","author":"N Okonogi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Okonogi N, Tsuji H, Kobayashi K, Nakajima M, Aoki S, Utsumi T, et al. A phase I\/II study of Ultra-Hypofractionated Carbon-ion radiation therapy for Low-and Intermediate-Risk localized prostate cancer. Adv Radiation Oncol. 2025;10(3):101705.","journal-title":"Adv Radiation Oncol"},{"key":"2790_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2022.06.006","volume":"173","author":"T Eichkorn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eichkorn T, Karger CP, Brons S, Koerber SA, Mielke T, Haberer T, et al. Results of a prospective randomized trial on long-term effectiveness of protons and carbon ions in prostate cancer: LEM I and \u03b1\/\u03b2\u2009=\u20092 Gy overestimates the RBE. Radiother Oncol. 2022;173:223\u201330.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2790_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2024.02.025","volume":"119","author":"J Besuglow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Besuglow J, Tessonnier T, Mein S, Eichkorn T, Haberer T, Herfarth K, et al. Understanding relative biological effectiveness and clinical outcome of prostate cancer therapy using particle irradiation: analysis of tumor control probability with the modified microdosimetric kinetic model. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 2024;119(5):1545\u201356.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2790_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0536.1","volume":"166","author":"Y Kase","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kase Y, Kanai T, Matsumoto Y, Furusawa Y, Okamoto H, Asaba T, et al. Microdosimetric measurements and Estimation of human cell survival for heavy-ion beams. Radiat Res. 2006;166(4):629\u201338.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.05.010","volume":"114","author":"T Sato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sato T, Matsuya Y, Hamada N. Microdosimetric modeling of relative biological effectiveness for skin reactions: possible linkage between in vitro and in vivo data. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 2022;114(1):153\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"18","key":"2790_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185013","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac7375","volume":"67","author":"A Parisi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parisi A, Beltran CJ, Furutani KM. The Mayo clinic Florida microdosimetric kinetic model of clonogenic survival: formalism and first benchmark against in vitro and in Silico data. Phys Med Biol. 2022;67(18):185013.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.10073","volume":"52","author":"H Okamoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Okamoto H, Kanai T, Kase Y, Matsumoto Y, Furusawa Y, Fujita Y, et al. Relation between lineal energy distribution and relative biological effectiveness for photon beams according to the microdosimetric kinetic model. J Radiat Res. 2010;52(1):75\u201381.","journal-title":"J Radiat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2790_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00544-6","volume":"44","author":"T Kanai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kanai T, Endo M, Minohara S, Miyahara N, Koyama-Ito H, Tomura H, et al. Biophysical characteristics of HIMAC clinical irradiation system for heavy-ion radiation therapy. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 1999;44(1):201\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"2790_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.04.057","volume":"101","author":"S Kawashiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kawashiro S, Yamada S, Okamoto M, Ohno T, Nakano T, Shinoto M, et al. Multi-institutional study of carbon-ion radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Japan carbon-ion radiation oncology study group (J-CROS) study 1403 pancreas. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 2018;101(5):1212\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"2790_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2000)154[0485:IOAAHC]2.0.CO;2","volume":"154","author":"Y Furusawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Furusawa Y, Fukutsu K, Aoki M, Itsukaichi H, Eguchi-Kasai K, Ohara H, et al. Inactivation of aerobic and hypoxic cells from three different cell lines by accelerated 3He-, 12\u00a0C-and 20Ne-ion beams. Radiat Res. 2000;154(5):485\u201396.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2790_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/62\/3\/1062","volume":"62","author":"N Kanematsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanematsu N, Inaniwa T. Biological dose representation for carbon-ion radiotherapy of unconventional fractionation. Phys Med Biol. 2017;62(3):1062.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2790_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2023.109730","volume":"185","author":"D Su\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda D, Cort\u00e9s-Giraldo MA, Bertolet A. A systematic analysis of the particle irradiation data ensemble in the key of the microdosimetric kinetic model: should clonogenic data be used for clinical relative biological effectiveness? Radiother Oncol. 2023;185:109730.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2790_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15019","volume":"112","author":"H Sato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sato H, Kasuya G, Ishikawa H, Nomoto A, Ono T, Nakajima M, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes after 12\u2010fractionated carbon\u2010ion radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer Sci. 2021;112(9):3598\u2013606.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2790_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0290617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290617","volume":"19","author":"Y Takakusagi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takakusagi Y, Koge H, Kano K, Shima S, Tsuchida K, Mizoguchi N, et al. Five-year clinical outcomes of scanning carbon-ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(3):e0290617.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2790_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.05.041","volume":"108","author":"S Mein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mein S, Klein C, Kopp B, Magro G, Harrabi S, Karger CP, et al. Assessment of RBE-weighted dose models for carbon ion therapy toward modernization of clinical practice at HIT: in vitro, in vivo, and in patients. Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 2020;108(3):779\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys"},{"issue":"20","key":"2790_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02445","volume":"42","author":"WR Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee WR, Dignam JJ, Amin MB, Bruner DW, Low D, Swanson GP, et al. Long-term analysis of NRG oncology RTOG 0415: a randomized phase III noninferiority study comparing two fractionation schedules in patients with low-risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(20):2377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02790-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02790-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02790-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:01:09Z","timestamp":1771509669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02790-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02790-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-717X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-717X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Taipei Veterans General Hospital (No. 2024-07-011AC), with a waiver of informed consent because all data were de-identified prior to analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"29"}}