{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:13:44Z","timestamp":1788783224397,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12405394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12405394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Clinical research and development projects of Zhongnan Hospital","award":["LCYFMS2024004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCYFMS2024004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023AFB204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFB204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Innovation Development Joint Fund","award":["2025AFD772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AFD772"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiat Oncol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-026-02881-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T13:27:11Z","timestamp":1782221231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A rapid semi-automated trajectory planning method for non-coplanar interstitial brachytherapy in cervical cancer using a greedy algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiuling","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoxing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conghua","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2881_CR1","first-page":"229","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(3):229\u201363.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2881_CR2","unstructured":"National comprehensive cancer network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cervical cancer, Version 4.2025. https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/. Accessed July 30. 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"2881_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.12.019","volume":"106","author":"M Serban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Serban M, Kirisits C, de Leeuw A, et al. Ring versus ovoids and intracavitary versus intracavitary-interstitial applicators in cervical cancer brachytherapy: results from the EMBRACE I study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;106(5):1052\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"2881_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2016.03.020","volume":"120","author":"L Fokdal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fokdal L, Sturdza A, Mazeron R, et al. Image guided adaptive brachytherapy with combined intracavitary and interstitial technique improves the therapeutic ratio in locally advanced cervical cancer: Analysis from the retroEMBRACE study. Radiother Oncol. 2016;120(3):434\u201340.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2881_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2020.11.011","volume":"20","author":"SM Glaser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glaser SM, Mohindra P, Mahantshetty U, et al. Complications of intracavitary brachytherapy for gynecologic cancers and their management: A comprehensive review. Brachytherapy. 2021;20(5):984\u201394.","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2881_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2019.09.001","volume":"30","author":"J Cunha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cunha J, Flynn R, Belanger C, et al. Brachytherapy future directions. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2020;30(1):94\u2013106.","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2881_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2014.02.001","volume":"13","author":"D D\u2019Souza","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza D, Wiebe E, Patil N, et al. CT-based interstitial brachytherapy in advanced gynecologic malignancies: outcomes from a single institution experience. Brachytherapy. 2014;13(3):225\u201332.","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2881_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.04.044","volume":"82","author":"CN Nomden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nomden CN, de Leeuw AAC, Moerland MA, et al. Clinical use of the Utrecht applicator for combined intracavitary\/interstitial brachytherapy treatment in locally advanced cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82(4):1424\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"2881_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2004.12.015","volume":"74","author":"C Haie-Meder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Haie-Meder C, P\u00f6tter R, Van Limbergen E, et al. Recommendations from Gynaecological (GYN) GEC-ESTRO Working Group: concepts and terms in 3D image-based 3D treatment planning in cervix cancer brachytherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2005;74(3):235\u201345.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2881_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2022.05.027","volume":"114","author":"M Marar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marar M, Simiele E, Niedermayr T, et al. Applying 3D-Printed Templates in High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Cervix Cancer: Simplified Needle Insertion for Optimized Dosimetry. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022;114(1):111\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"2881_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.04.005","volume":"117","author":"M Marar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marar M, Niedermayr T, Kidd EA. Developing Next-Generation 3-Dimensional Printing for Cervical Cancer Hybrid Brachytherapy: A Guided Interstitial Technique Enabling Improved Flexibility, Dosimetry, and Efficiency. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2023;117(2):312\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"5","key":"2881_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14762","volume":"48","author":"B Moren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moren B, Larsson T, Tedgren AC. Optimization in treatment planning of high dose-rate brachytherapy-Review and analysis of mathematical models. Med Phys. 2021;48(5):2057\u201382.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"7","key":"2881_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_292_19","volume":"15","author":"D Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang D, Yang Z, Jiang S, et al. Individualized and inverse optimized needle configuration for combined intracavitary-interstitial brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer. J Cancer Res Ther. 2019;15(7):1589\u201396.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2881_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.11.016","volume":"81","author":"TG Purdie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Purdie TG, Dinniwell RE, Letourneau D, et al. Automated planning of tangential breast intensity-modulated radiotherapy using heuristic optimization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81(2):575\u201383.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"2881_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6053","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14486","volume":"47","author":"J Mathews","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathews J, French SB, Bhagroo S, et al. Enhanced optimization of volumetric modulated arc therapy plans using Monte Carlo generated beamlets. Med Phys. 2020;47(12):6053\u201367.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2881_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14712","volume":"48","author":"C Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen C, Chen L, Gonzalez Y, et al. Improving efficiency of training a virtual treatment planner network via knowledge-guided deep reinforcement learning for intelligent automatic treatment planning of radiotherapy. Med Phys. 2021;48(4):1909\u201320.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"20","key":"2881_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205024","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab416e","volume":"64","author":"P Dursun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dursun P, Ta\u015fk\u0131n ZC, Alt\u0131nel IK, et al. A column generation heuristic for VMAT planning with adaptive CVaR constraints. Phys Med Biol. 2019;64(20):205024.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2881_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2024.05.003","volume":"23","author":"J Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen J, Chen M, Qiu H, et al. Evaluation and improvement of the safety of 3D-printed template assisted intracavitary\/interstitial brachytherapy for cervical cancer using repeat FMEA. Brachytherapy. 2024;23(5):580\u20139.","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2881_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4728226","volume":"39","author":"T Siauw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siauw T, Cunha A, Berenson D, et al. NPIP: A skew line needle configuration optimization system for HDR brachytherapy. Med Phys. 2012;39(7):4339\u201346.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"2881_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8643-8","volume-title":"Non-uniform random variate generation","author":"L Devroye","year":"1986","unstructured":"Devroye L. Non-uniform random variate generation. New York: Springer-; 1986."},{"key":"2881_CR21","first-page":"48","volume":"9","author":"R P\u00f6tter","year":"2018","unstructured":"P\u00f6tter R, Tanderup K, Kirisits C, et al. The EMBRACE II study: The outcome and prospect of two decades of evolution within the GEC-ESTRO GYN working group and the EMBRACE studies. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2018;9:48\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2881_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13533","volume":"46","author":"B Moren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moren B, Larsson T, Carlsson TA. An extended dose-volume model in high dose-rate brachytherapy-Using mean-tail-dose to reduce tumor underdosage. Med Phys. 2019;46(6):2556\u201366.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"2881_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2020.02.013","volume":"19","author":"CL Deufel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deufel CL, Epelman MA, Pasupathy KS, et al. PNaV: A tool for generating a high-dose-rate brachytherapy treatment plan by navigating the Pareto surface guided by the visualization of multidimensional trade-offs. Brachytherapy. 2020;19(4):518\u201331.","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"issue":"11","key":"2881_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115013","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab18bf","volume":"64","author":"C Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen C, Gonzalez Y, Klages P, et al. Intelligent inverse treatment planning via deep reinforcement learning, a proof-of-principle study in high dose-rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Phys Med Biol. 2019;64(11):115013.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2881_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aae24c","volume":"63","author":"S Cui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cui S, Despres P, Beaulieu L. A multi-criteria optimization approach for HDR prostate brachytherapy: I. Pareto surface approximation. Phys Med Biol. 2018;63(20):205004.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"2881_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowski KL, Van Der Meer MC, Luong NH, et al. Exploring trade-offs between target coverage, healthy tissue sparing, and the placement of catheters in HDR brachytherapy for prostate cancer using a novel multi-objective model-based mixed-integer evolutionary algorithm. GECCO \u201817. 2017:1224\u201331.","DOI":"10.1145\/3071178.3071311"},{"key":"2881_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Meer MC, Pieters BR, Niatsetski Y, et al. Better and faster catheter position optimization in HDR brachytherapy for prostate cancer using multi-objective real-valued GOMEA. GECCO \u201818. 2018:1387\u201394.","DOI":"10.1145\/3205455.3205505"},{"key":"2881_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orhc.2013.12.002","volume":"3","author":"G Ferrari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferrari G, Kazareski Y, Laca F, et al. A model for prostate brachytherapy planning with sources and needles position optimization. Oper Res Health Care. 2014;3:31\u20139.","journal-title":"Oper Res Health Care"},{"key":"2881_CR29","unstructured":"Siauw T. Integer programs for high dose rate brachytherapy needle and dose planning that directly optimize clinical objectives [PhD dissertation]. Berkeley: University of California; 2012."},{"issue":"5","key":"2881_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"055028","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abd00e","volume":"66","author":"C Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang C, Gonzalez Y, Shen C, et al. Simultaneous needle catheter selection and dwell time optimization for preplanning of high-dose-rate brachytherapy of prostate cancer. Phys Med Biol. 2021;66(5):055028.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2881_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5114\/jcb.2022.116547","volume":"14","author":"Y Takagawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takagawa Y, Tsuchiya K, Izumi S, et al. A novel intra pre-plan method of interstitial needle optimization for cervical cancer patients treated with Venezia applicator brachytherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy. 2022;14(3):260\u20137.","journal-title":"J Contemp Brachytherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2881_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s40944-019-0295-0","volume":"17","author":"A Bandyopadhyay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay A, Basu P, Roy K, et al. Clinical and dosimetric comparison of interstitial applications using Martinez Universal Perineal Interstitial Template (MUPIT) and Syed-Neblett Template for carcinoma cervix. Indian J Gynecol Oncol. 2019;17(3):50.","journal-title":"Indian J Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2881_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235007","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ad8b08","volume":"69","author":"R Straathof","year":"2024","unstructured":"Straathof R, van Vliet-P\u00e9rez SM, Kolkman-Deurloo I-KK, et al. Automated planning of curved needle channels in 3D printed patient-tailored applicators for cervical cancer brachytherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2024;69(23):235007.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"}],"container-title":["Radiation Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02881-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02881-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02881-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T12:04:33Z","timestamp":1788782673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02881-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-026-02881-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-717X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-717X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan university. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"122"}}