{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T13:31:45Z","timestamp":1740144705054,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Emerg Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The delayed diagnosis and management of abdominal tuberculosis increases its mortality. We aimed to study the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of patients who had abdominal tuberculosis and were treated at Al-Ain Hospital, Al-Ain City, United Arab Emirates.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All patients who had abdominal tuberculosis and were treated at Al-Ain Hospital between January 2011 and December 2018 were studied. Data were collected retrospectively using a structured protocol including demography, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, management, and outcome.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twenty-four patients having a median age of 30 years were studied with an incidence of 0.6\/100,000 population. The most common symptoms were abdominal pain (95.8%) and malaise (79.2%). Fever was present only in nine patients (37.5%). Laboratory investigations, except for polymerase chain reaction immunoassay, were not helpful. Chest X-ray was abnormal in three patients (12.5%). Ultrasound and abdominal CT scan were non-specific. Thirteen patients needed surgical intervention for diagnosis or therapy. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology in 15 patients (62.5%), immunological assays in 7 patients (29.2%), microbiological culture in 1 patient (4%), and therapeutic trial in 1 patient (4%). The most common type of abdominal tuberculosis was gastrointestinal in 13 patients (54.2%) followed by free wet peritonitis in 5 patients (20.8%). All patients had quadruple anti-tuberculous therapy for a minimum of 6 months. The median hospital stay was 6.5 days. None of our patients died.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis remains challenging despite advances in medical technology and diagnostic tools. The limited need for diagnostic therapy in our study supports the benefit of PCR assay. Surgery was mainly indicated as the last option to reach the diagnosis or to treat complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-021-00370-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T20:03:20Z","timestamp":1622059400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Management of abdominal tuberculosis in a community-based hospital in a high-income developing country"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hussam","family":"Mousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Abdel-Kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0143-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fikri M.","family":"Abu-Zidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"370_CR1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240013131. Accessed 25 Jan 2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"370_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","volume":"13","author":"RM Houben","year":"2016","unstructured":"Houben RM, Dodd PJ. The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling. PLoS Med. 2016;13(10):e1002152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"370_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/380644","volume":"38","author":"Z Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang Z, Kong Y, Wilson F, Foxman B, Fowler AH, Marrs CF, et al. Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(2):199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/380644.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"370_CR4","first-page":"38","volume":"64","author":"P Rathi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rathi P, Gambhire P. Abdominal tuberculosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2016;64(2):38\u201347.","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India."},{"issue":"1","key":"370_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-270","volume":"13","author":"PL Chalya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chalya PL, Mchembe MD, Mshana SE, Rambau PF, Jaka H, Mabula JB. Clinicopathological profile and surgical treatment of abdominal tuberculosis: a single centre experience in northwestern Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-13-270.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"370_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-019-0252-3","volume":"14","author":"FM Abu-Zidan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abu-Zidan FM, Sheek-Hussein M. Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis: lessons learned over 30 years: pectoral assay. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14(1):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-019-0252-3.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"370_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0010","volume":"97","author":"S Pattanayak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pattanayak S, Behuria S. Is abdominal tuberculosis a surgical problem? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2015;97(6):414\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2015.0010.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl."},{"key":"370_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr1220103591","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.12.2010.3591.5","volume":"2011","author":"K Alhajri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alhajri K, Alzerwi N, Alsaleh K, Yousef HB, Alzaben M. Disseminated (miliary) abdominal tuberculosis after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. BMJ Case Rep. 2011;2011:bcr1220103591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr.12.2010.3591.5.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"39","key":"370_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i39.6371","volume":"12","author":"R Khan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan R, Abid S, Jafri W, Abbas Z, Hameed K, Ahmad Z. Diagnostic dilemma of abdominal tuberculosis in non-HIV patients: an ongoing challenge for physicians. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(39):6371\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v12.i39.6371.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"8","key":"370_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v9.i8.174","volume":"9","author":"EP Weledji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weledji EP, Pokam BT. Abdominal tuberculosis: Is there a role for surgery? World J Gastrointest Surg. 2017;9(8):174\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4240\/wjgs.v9.i8.174.","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg."},{"key":"370_CR11","unstructured":"Macrotrends. Al-Ain, UAE Metro Area Population 1950-2021. Available on: https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/cities\/22634\/al-ain\/population. Accessed 25 Jan 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"370_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.163029","volume":"22","author":"S Rana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rana S, Farooqui MR, Rana S, Anees A, Ahmad Z, Jairajpuri ZS. The role of laboratory investigations in evaluating abdominal tuberculosis. J Family Community Med. 2015;22(3):152\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8229.163029.","journal-title":"J Family Community Med."},{"key":"370_CR13","unstructured":"The United Arab Emirates' Government portal. Fact sheet. https:\/\/u.ae\/en\/about-the-uae\/fact-sheet#:~:text=The%20UAE%20is%20a%20constitutional,the%20capital%20of%20the%20UAE.&text=Recognised%20as%20a%20tolerant%20country,learning%20and%20touring%20the%20UAE. Accessed 26 Jan 2021."},{"issue":"40","key":"370_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14831","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14831","volume":"20","author":"U Debi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Debi U, Ravisankar V, Prasad KK, Sinha SK, Sharma AK. Abdominal tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract: revisited. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(40):14831\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i40.14831.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"7","key":"370_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870230704","volume":"23","author":"M Sheikh","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sheikh M, Abu-Zidan F, Al-Hilaly M, Behbehani A. Abdominal tuberculosis: comparison of sonography and computed tomography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1995;23(7):413\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcu.1870230704.","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"370_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300100994","volume":"12","author":"O Akhan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akhan O, Pringot J. Imaging of abdominal tuberculosis. Eur Radiol. 2002;12(2):312\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003300100994.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"370_CR17","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Proceedings of the second world week of professional updating in surgery and oncological disciplines of the University of Milan. General Surgery","author":"F Abu-Zidan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Abu-Zidan F, Al-Hilaly M, Mohtasib S, Denath F, Diab S. Role of CT Scan in the diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis. In: Montorsi M, Zennaro F, editors. Proceedings of the second world week of professional updating in surgery and oncological disciplines of the University of Milan. General Surgery, vol. VII. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore; 1990. p. 35\u201340."},{"issue":"853","key":"370_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.72.853.10341698","volume":"72","author":"S Suri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Suri S, Gupta S, Suri R. Computed tomography in abdominal tuberculosis. Br J Radiol. 1999;72(853):92\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.72.853.10341698.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"370_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/2156-7514.111234","volume":"3","author":"SH Tirumani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tirumani SH, Ojili V, Gunabushanam G, Shanbhogue AK, Nagar A, Fasih N, et al. Imaging of tuberculosis of the abdominal viscera: beyond the intestines. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2013;3(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2156-7514.111234.","journal-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci."},{"key":"370_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2013.1801","volume":"48","author":"EL da Rocha","year":"2015","unstructured":"da Rocha EL, Pedrassa BC, Bormann RL, Kierszenbaum ML, Torres LR, D'Ippolito G. Abdominal tuberculosis: a radiological review with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Radiol Bras. 2015;48:181\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0100-3984.2013.1801.","journal-title":"Radiol Bras"},{"issue":"12","key":"370_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309601204","volume":"96","author":"S Rai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rai S, Thomas WM. Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis: the importance of laparoscopy. J R Soc Med. 2003;96(12):586\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014107680309601204.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"370_CR22","first-page":"508","volume":"16","author":"I Wani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wani I, Ommid M, Waheed A, Asif M. Tuberculous abdominal cocoon: original article. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2010;16(6):508\u201310.","journal-title":"Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg."},{"key":"370_CR23","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second World Week of Professional Updating in Surgery and Oncological Disciplines of the University of Milan. General Surgery","author":"F Abu-Zidan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Abu-Zidan F, Al-Hilaly M, Diab S. Abdominal tuberculosis in Kuwait. In: Montorsi M, Zennaro F, editors. Proceedings of the Second World Week of Professional Updating in Surgery and Oncological Disciplines of the University of Milan. General Surgery, vol. VII. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore; 1990. p. 41\u20136."},{"issue":"3","key":"370_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.3.347","volume":"33","author":"S Shah","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shah S, Thomas V, Mathan M, Chacko A, Chandy G, Ramakrishna BS, et al. Colonoscopic study of 50 patients with colonic tuberculosis. Gut. 1992;33(3):347\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.33.3.347.","journal-title":"Gut."},{"issue":"3","key":"370_CR25","first-page":"565","volume":"91","author":"V Singh","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singh V, Kumar P, Kamal J, Prakash V, Vaiphei K, Singh K. Clinicocolonoscopic profile of colonic tuberculosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(3):565\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"370_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i5.1098","volume":"9","author":"O Uygur-Bayramicli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Uygur-Bayramicli O, Dabak G, Dabak R. A clinical dilemma: abdominal tuberculosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(5):1098\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v9.i5.1098.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"370_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.16141","volume":"161","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1376\u201395 PubMed PMID: 10764337.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"370_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00987.x","volume":"66","author":"PK Mehta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehta PK, Raj A, Singh N, Khuller GK. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by PCR. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012;66(1):20\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00987.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"370_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2018120","volume":"60","author":"S Abdel-Kader","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdel-Kader S, Sartelli M, Abu-Zidan FM. Complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective validation study of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score. Singapore Med J. 2019;60(6):317\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11622\/smedj.2018120.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J."}],"container-title":["World Journal of Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00370-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00370-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00370-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T20:14:32Z","timestamp":1622060072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wjes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00370-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00370-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-7922"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1749-7922"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval has been given by Al-Ain Hospital Research Ethics Committee, Al-Ain, UAE, (Ethical approval number: AAHEC-04-20-009). Patients\u2019 informed consent was not required as the study was retrospective. Personal patients\u2019 identifiers were protected during data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"25"}}