{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T06:23:13Z","timestamp":1794291793674,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":323,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Emerg Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anorectal emergencies comprise a wide variety of diseases that share common symptoms, i.e., anorectal pain or bleeding and might require immediate management. While most of the underlying conditions do not need inpatient management, some of them could be life-threatening and need prompt recognition and treatment. It is well known that an incorrect diagnosis is frequent for anorectal diseases and that a delayed diagnosis is related to an impaired outcome. This paper aims to improve the knowledge and the awareness on this specific topic and to provide a useful tool for every physician dealing with anorectal emergencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The present guidelines have been developed according to the GRADE methodology. To create these guidelines, a panel of experts was designed and charged by the boards of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) to perform a systematic review of the available literature and to provide evidence-based statements with immediate practical application. All the statements were presented and discussed during the WSES-AAST-WJES Consensus Conference on Anorectal Emergencies, and for each statement, a consensus among the WSES-AAST panel of experts was reached. We structured our work into seven main topics to\u00a0cover the entire management of patients with anorectal emergencies and\u00a0to provide an up-to-date, easy-to-use tool that can help physicians and surgeons during the decision-making process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-021-00384-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T08:02:53Z","timestamp":1631779373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Anorectal emergencies: WSES-AAST guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-2268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Tarasconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennaro","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Azzaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hariscine","family":"Abongwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikri","family":"Abu-Zidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanni","family":"Agnoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"de\u2019Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"de\u2019Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Ansaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Baiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Carcoforo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ceresoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Chichom-Mefire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salomone","family":"Di Saverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Gaiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoram","family":"Kluger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Lepp\u00e4niemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Litvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Pattonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Peitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manos","family":"Pikoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Sakakushev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Sartelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Shelat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Testini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Velmahos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Biffl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Coccolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Catena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"384_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02055107","volume":"39","author":"ET Goldstein","year":"1996","unstructured":"Goldstein ET. Outcomes of anorectal disease in a health maintenance organization setting. The need for colorectal surgeons. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:1193\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39493.646875.AE","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Vist GE, Liberati A, et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. Br Med J. 2008;336:1049\u201351.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"384_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336:924\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"384_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1997)10:4<239::AID-CA4>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"10","author":"IN Nomikos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nomikos IN. Anorectal abscesses: need for accurate anatomical localization of the disease. Clin Anat. 1997;10:239\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"384_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237048","volume":"41","author":"KP H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"1998","unstructured":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen KP, Sainio AP. Incidence of fistulas after drainage of acute anorectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1357\u201361 discussion 61-2.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(82)80064-4","volume":"11","author":"CJ Godec","year":"1982","unstructured":"Godec CJ, Cass AS, Ruiz E. Another aspect of acute urinary retention in young patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1982;11:471\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"384_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02587008","volume":"22","author":"DR Read","year":"1979","unstructured":"Read DR, Abcarian H. A prospective survey of 474 patients with anorectal abscess. Dis Colon Rectum. 1979;22:566\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553848","volume":"27","author":"PS Ramanujam","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ramanujam PS, Prasad ML, Abcarian H, Tan AB. Perianal abscesses and fistulas. A study of 1023 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27:593\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70536-3","volume":"77","author":"R Gilliland","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gilliland R, Wexner SD. Complicated anorectal sepsis. Surg Clin N Am. 1997;77:115\u201353.","journal-title":"Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2000.108779","volume":"128","author":"F Michelassi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Michelassi F, Melis M, Rubin M, Hurst RD. Surgical treatment of anorectal complications in Crohn's disease. Surgery. 2000;128:597\u2013603.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"384_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70170-2","volume":"25","author":"RH Marcus","year":"1995","unstructured":"Marcus RH, Stine RJ, Cohen MA. Perirectal abscess. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:597\u2013603.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"384_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02552656","volume":"28","author":"HC Kuijpers","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kuijpers HC, Schulpen T. Fistulography for fistula-in-ano. Is it useful? Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:103\u20134.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-014-2028-2","volume":"29","author":"A Garcia-Granero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia-Granero A, Granero-Castro P, Frasson M, Flor-Lorente B, Carre\u00f1o O, Esp\u00ed A, et al. Management of cryptoglandular supralevator abscesses in the magnetic resonance imaging era: a case series. Int J Color Dis. 2014;29:1557\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1999.01020.x","volume":"86","author":"P Orsoni","year":"1999","unstructured":"Orsoni P, Barthet M, Portier F, Panuel M, Desjeux A, Grimaud JC. Prospective comparison of endosonography, magnetic resonance imaging and surgical findings in anorectal fistula and abscess complicating Crohn&apos;s disease. Br J Surg. 1999;86:360\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2333031724","volume":"233","author":"GN Buchanan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buchanan GN, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Williams AB, Tarroni D, Cohen CRG. Clinical examination, endosonography, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano: comparison with outcome-based reference standard. Radiology. 2004;233:674\u201381.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"384_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2012.01.009","volume":"41","author":"PE Wise","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wise PE, Schwartz DA. The evaluation and treatment of crohn perianal fistulae: EUA, EUS, MRI, and other imaging modalities. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2012;41:379\u201391.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010409","volume":"25","author":"AU Schratter-Sehn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schratter-Sehn AU, Lochs H, Vogelsang H, Schurawitzki H, Herold C, Schratter M. Endoscopic ultrasonography versus computed tomography in the differential diagnosis of perianorectal complications in Crohn&apos;s disease. Endoscopy. 1993;25:582\u20136.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"384_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caliste X, Nazir S, Goode T, Street jhr, Hockstein M, Mcarthur K, Trankiem CT, Sava JA. Sensitivity of computed tomography in detection of perirectal abscess. Am Surg 2011;77:166-168.","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481107700214"},{"key":"384_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2013.04.014","volume":"37","author":"C Liang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang C, Jiang W, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Du Y, Lu Y. CT imaging with fistulography for perianal fistula: does it really help the surgeon? Clin Imaging. 2013;37:1069\u201376.","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"384_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5811\/cpcem.2019.6.43514","volume":"3","author":"H Shokoohi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shokoohi H, Pyle M, Frasure SE, Dimbil U, Pourmand A. Point-of-care transperineal ultrasound to diagnose abscess in the emergency department. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 2019;3:349\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med"},{"key":"384_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000733","volume":"59","author":"JD Vogel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vogel JD, Johnson EK, Morris AM, Paquette IM, Saclarides TJ, Feingold DL, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of anorectal abscess, fistula-in-ano, and rectovaginal fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59:1117\u201333.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234599","volume":"44","author":"N Onaca","year":"2001","unstructured":"Onaca N, Hirshberg A, Adar R. Early reoperation for perirectal abscess: a preventable complication. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:1469\u201373.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-010-1011-9","volume":"25","author":"T Yano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yano T, Asano M, Matsuda Y, Kawakami K, Nakai K, Nonaka M. Prognostic factors for recurrence following the initial drainage of an anorectal abscess. Int J Color Dis. 2010;25:1495\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562586","volume":"26","author":"CM Chrabot","year":"1983","unstructured":"Chrabot CM, Prasad ML, Abcarian H. Recurrent anorectal abscesses. Dis Colon Rectum. 1983;26:105\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen KM, M\u00f6ller S, Qvist N. Needle aspiration treatment vs. incision of acute simple perianal abscess: randomized controlled study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021;36(3):581\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-021-03845-6.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03845-6"},{"key":"384_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01035.x","volume":"8","author":"M Millan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Millan M, Garc\u00eda-Granero E, Escl\u00e1pez P, Flor-Lorente B, Esp\u00ed A, Lled\u00f3 S. Management of intersphincteric abscesses. Color Dis. 2006;8:777\u201380.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800630102","volume":"63","author":"AG Parks","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parks AG, Gordon PH, Hardcastle JD. A classification of fistula-in-ano. Br J Surg. 1976;63:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02626783","volume":"24","author":"ML Prasad","year":"1981","unstructured":"Prasad ML, Read DR, Abcarian H. Supralevator abscess: diagnosis and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 1981;24:456\u201361.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith SR, Newton K, Smith JA, Dumville JC, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Pearce LE, Barrow PJ, Hancock L, Hill J. Internal dressings for healing perianal abscess cavities. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 26;(8):CD011193. doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD011193.pub2. PMID: 27562822.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011193.pub2"},{"key":"384_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10154","volume":"103","author":"L Pearce","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pearce L, Newton K, Smith SR, Barrow P, Smith J, Hancock L, et al. Multicentre observational study of outcomes after drainage of acute perianal abscess. Br J Surg. 2016;103:1063\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(02)00063-4","volume":"82","author":"R Nelson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nelson R. Anorectal abscess fistula: what do we know? Surg Clin N Am. 2002;82:1139\u201351 v-vi.","journal-title":"Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050209","volume":"34","author":"WR Schouten","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schouten WR, van Vroonhoven TJ. Treatment of anorectal abscess with or without primary fistulectomy. Results of a prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:60\u20133.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik AI, Nelson RL, Tou S. Incision and drainage of perianal abscess with or without treatment of anal fistula. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD006827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006827.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006827.pub2"},{"key":"384_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-002-0429-0","volume":"18","author":"I Oliver","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oliver I, Lacueva FJ, P\u00e9rez Vicente F, Arroyo A, Ferrer R, Cansado P, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing simple drainage of anorectal abscess with and without fistula track treatment. Int J Color Dis. 2003;18:107\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1272819","volume":"24","author":"H Abcarian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abcarian H. Anorectal infection: abscess-fistula. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011;24:014\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"384_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.01.015","volume":"217","author":"V Mocanu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mocanu V, Dang JT, Ladak F, Tian C, Wang H, Birch DW, et al. Antibiotic use in prevention of anal fistulas following incision and drainage of anorectal abscesses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 2019;217:910\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049810","volume":"37","author":"H Grewal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grewal H, Guillem JG, Quan SH, Enker WE, Cohen AM. Anorectal disease in neutropenic leukemic patients. Operative vs. nonoperative management. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:1095\u20139.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054685","volume":"39","author":"JS Cohen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cohen JS, Paz IB, O'Donnell MR, Ellenhorn JD. Treatment of perianal infection following bone marrow transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:981\u20135.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236900","volume":"41","author":"Y B\u00fcy\u00fcka\u015fik","year":"1998","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fcka\u015fik Y, Ozcebe OI, Sayinalp N, Haznedaro\u011flu IC, Altunda\u011f OO, Ozdemir O, et al. Perianal infections in patients with leukemia: importance of the course of neutrophil count. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:81\u20135.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0626-y","volume":"16","author":"BD Badgwell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Badgwell BD, Chang GJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Smith K, Lupo PJ, Frankowski RF, et al. Management and outcomes of anorectal infection in the cancer patient. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:2752\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"384_CR41","first-page":"581","volume":"29","author":"PS Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sullivan PS, Moreno C. A multidisciplinary approach to perianal and intra-abdominal infections in the neutropenic cancer patient. Oncology (Williston Park). 2015;29:581\u201390.","journal-title":"Oncology (Williston Park)"},{"key":"384_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095","volume":"116","author":"W Wilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007;116:1736\u201354.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"384_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041085","volume":"140","author":"GE Peterson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peterson GE, Crowley AL. Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2019;140:181\u20133.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"384_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12936","volume":"87","author":"I Seow-En","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seow-En I, Ngu J. Routine operative swab cultures and post-operative antibiotic use for uncomplicated perianal abscesses are unnecessary. ANZ J Surg. 2017;87:356\u20139.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-0221-x","volume":"50","author":"JB Albright","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albright JB, Pidala MJ, Cali JR, Snyder MJ, Voloyiannis T, Bailey HR. MRSA-related perianal abscesses: an underrecognized disease entity. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:996\u20131003.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2009.07.013","volume":"66","author":"SR Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown SR, Horton JD, Davis KG. Perirectal abscess infections related to MRSA: a prevalent and underrecognized pathogen. J Surg Educ. 2009;66:264\u20136.","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"},{"key":"384_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02076188","volume":"37","author":"GS Goldberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Goldberg GS, Orkin BA, Smith LE. Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:439\u201343.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-018-0219-9","volume":"13","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sartelli M, Guirao X, Hardcastle TC, Kluger Y, Boermeester MA, Ra\u015fa K, et al. 2018 WSES\/SIS-E consensus conference: recommendations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:58.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"384_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-017-0141-6","volume":"12","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, Hardcastle T, Abu-Zidan FM, Adesunkanmi AK, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:29.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"384_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554904","volume":"31","author":"JA Fournier","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fournier JA. Jean-Alfred Fournier 1832-1914. Gangr\u00e8ne foudroyante de la verge (overwhelming gangrene). Sem med 1883. Dis Colon Rectum. 1988;31:984\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00532.x","volume":"81","author":"GL Smith","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smith GL, Bunker CB, Dinneen MD. Fournier's gangrene. Br J Urol. 1998;81:347\u201355.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000445695","volume":"97","author":"MD Sorensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sorensen MD, Krieger JN. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: epidemiology and outcomes in the general US population. Urol Int. 2016;97:249\u201359.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"384_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2000.01497.x","volume":"87","author":"N Eke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eke N. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: a review of 1726 cases. Br J Surg. 2000;87:718\u201328.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2016.3.157","volume":"88","author":"A Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh A, Ahmed K, Aydin A, Khan MS, Dasgupta P. Fournier\u2019s gangrene. A clinical review. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2016;88:157.","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urol Androl"},{"key":"384_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01448.x","volume":"13","author":"L Tahmaz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tahmaz L, Erdemir F, Kibar Y, Cosar A, Yalc\u00fdn O. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: report of thirty-three cases and a review of the literature. Int J Urol. 2006;13:960\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129486.35458.7D","volume":"32","author":"C-H Wong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong C-H, Khin L-W, Heng K-S, Tan K-C, Low C-O. The LRINEC (laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections*. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1535\u201341.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"384_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67236-7","volume":"154","author":"E Laor","year":"1995","unstructured":"Laor E, Palmer LS, Tolia BM, Reid RE, Winter HI. Outcome prediction in patients with Fournier\u2019s gangrene. J Urol. 1995;154:89\u201392.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12426","volume":"21","author":"T-Y Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin T-Y, Ou C-H, Tzai T-S, Tong Y-C, Chang C-C, Cheng H-L, et al. Validation and simplification of Fournier\u2019s gangrene severity index. Int J Urol. 2014;21:696\u2013701.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2017.0053","volume":"99","author":"J Bechar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bechar J, Sepehripour S, Hardwicke J, Filobbos G. Laboratory risk indicator for necrotising fasciitis (LRINEC) score for the assessment of early necrotising fasciitis: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99:341\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"384_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002774","volume":"269","author":"SM Fernando","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Rochwerg B, Kyeremanteng K, Seely AJE, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infection: diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and LRINEC score: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2019;269:58\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"384_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2018.08.001","volume":"17","author":"M Abdullah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdullah M, Mcwilliams B, Khan SU. Reliability of the laboratory risk indicator in Necrotising fasciitis (LRINEC) score. Surgeon. 2019;17:309\u201318.","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"384_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05061-4","volume":"43","author":"BI Cribb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cribb BI, Wang MTM, Kulasegaran S, Gamble GD, Maccormick AD. The SIARI score: a novel decision support tool outperforms LRINEC score in necrotizing fasciitis. World J Surg. 2019;43:2393\u2013400.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1159\/000087164","volume":"75","author":"E Lin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin E, Yang S, Chiu AW, Chow Y-C, Chen M, Lin W-C, et al. Is Fournier\u2019s gangrene severity index useful for predicting outcome of Fournier\u2019s gangrene? Urol Int. 2005;75:119\u201322.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"384_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.05.021","volume":"180","author":"AT Corcoran","year":"2008","unstructured":"Corcoran AT, Smaldone MC, Gibbons EP, Walsh TJ, Davies BJ. Validation of the Fournier\u2019s gangrene severity index in a large contemporary series. J Urol. 2008;180:944\u20138.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.40775","volume":"54","author":"HR Unalp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Unalp HR, Kamer E, Derici H, Atahan K, Balci U, Demirdoven C, et al. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: evaluation of 68 patients and analysis of prognostic variables. J Postgrad Med. 2008;54:102\u20135.","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"384_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11082.x","volume":"110","author":"F Roghmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roghmann F, von Bodman C, L\u00f6ppenberg B, Hinkel A, Palisaar J, Noldus J. Is there a need for the Fournier\u2019s gangrene severity index? Comparison of scoring systems for outcome prediction in patients with Fournier\u2019s gangrene. BJU Int. 2012;110:1359\u201365.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"384_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.01.030","volume":"50","author":"A Tuncel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tuncel A, Aydin O, Tekdogan U, Nalcacioglu V, Capar Y, Atan A. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: three years of experience with 20 patients and validity of the Fournier\u2019s gangrene severity index score. Eur Urol. 2006;50:838\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"384_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03975.x","volume":"77","author":"A Ersay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ersay A, Yilmaz G, Akgun Y, Celik Y. Factors affecting mortality of Fournier\u2019s gangrene: review of 70 patients. ANZ J Surg. 2007;77:43\u20138.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-010-0592-1","volume":"14","author":"T Yilmazlar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yilmazlar T, Ozturk E, Ozguc H, Ercan I, Vuruskan H, Oktay B. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: an analysis of 80 patients and a novel scoring system. Tech Coloproctol. 2010;14:217\u201323.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13989","volume":"26","author":"T-Y Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin T-Y, Cheng I-H, Ou C-H, Tsai Y-S, Tong Y-C, Cheng H-L, et al. Incorporating simplified Fournier\u2019s gangrene severity index with early surgical intervention can maximize survival in high-risk Fournier\u2019s gangrene patients. Int J Urol. 2019;26:737\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.1.9423625","volume":"170","author":"DK Rajan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rajan DK, Scharer KA. Radiology of Fournier\u2019s gangrene. Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:163\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"384_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.12.010","volume":"23","author":"D Morrison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morrison D, Blaivas M, Lyon M. Emergency diagnosis of Fournier\u2019s gangrene with bedside ultrasound. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:544\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"384_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287215584740","volume":"7","author":"A Chennamsetty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chennamsetty A, Khourdaji I, Burks F, Killinger KA. Contemporary diagnosis and management of Fournier\u2019s gangrene. Ther Adv Urol. 2015;7:203\u201315.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Urol"},{"key":"384_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5151.97276","volume":"2","author":"E Kube","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kube E, Stawicki SP, Bahner DP. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of Fournier\u2019s gangrene. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2012;2:104\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci"},{"key":"384_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.06.023","volume":"57","author":"T Montrief","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montrief T, Long B, Koyfman A, Auerbach J. Fournier gangrene: a review for emergency clinicians. J Emerg Med. 2019;57:488\u2013500.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"384_CR76","first-page":"389","volume":"16","author":"N Gupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta N, Zinn KM, Bansal I, Weinstein R. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: ultrasound or computed tomography? Med Ultrason. 2014;16:389\u201390.","journal-title":"Med Ultrason"},{"key":"384_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4145-x","volume":"42","author":"M Martinez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martinez M, Peponis T, Hage A, Yeh DD, Kaafarani HMA, Fagenholz PJ, et al. The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections. World J Surg. 2018;42:82\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00140.x","volume":"84","author":"JM Corman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Corman JM, Moody JA, Aronson WJ. Fournier\u2019s gangrene in a modern surgical setting: improved survival with aggressive management. BJU Int. 1999;84:85\u20138.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"384_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(03)00102-7","volume":"43","author":"SN Chawla","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chawla SN, Gallop C, Mydlo JH. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: an analysis of repeated surgical debridement. Eur Urol. 2003;43:572\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"384_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2009.11680404","volume":"109","author":"E Kara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kara E, M\u00fcezzino\u011flu T, Temeltas G, Din\u00e7er L, Kaya Y, Sakarya A, et al. Evaluation of risk factors and severity of a life threatening surgical emergency: Fournier\u2019s gangrene (a report of 15 cases). Acta Chir Belg. 2009;109:191\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"key":"384_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.050","volume":"182","author":"MD Sorensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sorensen MD, Krieger JN, Rivara FP, Klein MB, Wessells H. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: management and mortality predictors in a population based study. J Urol. 2009;182:2742\u20137.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR82","first-page":"1400","volume":"71","author":"L Kobayashi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kobayashi L, Konstantinidis A, Shackelford S, Chan LS, Talving P, Inaba K, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: delayed surgical treatment is associated with increased number of surgical debridements and morbidity. J Trauma. 2011;71:1400\u20135.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"384_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1096","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11291.x","volume":"110","author":"T Sugihara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sugihara T, Yasunaga H, Horiguchi H, Fujimura T, Ohe K, Matsuda S, et al. Impact of surgical intervention timing on the case fatality rate for Fournier\u2019s gangrene: an analysis of 379 cases. BJU Int. 2012;110:E1096\u2013E100.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"384_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2010.02353.x","volume":"13","author":"E Ozturk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ozturk E, Sonmez Y, Yilmazlar T. What are the indications for a stoma in Fournier\u2019s gangrene? Color Dis. 2011;13:1044\u20137.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000070137","volume":"70","author":"M G\u00fcrdal","year":"2003","unstructured":"G\u00fcrdal M, Y\u00fccebas E, Tekin A, Beysel M, Aslan R, Seng\u00f6r F. Predisposing factors and treatment outcome in Fournier\u2019s gangrene. Analysis of 28 cases. Urol Int. 2003;70:286\u201390.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"384_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12357","volume":"13","author":"OF Ozkan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ozkan OF, Koksal N, Altinli E, Celik A, Uzun MA, C\u0131kman O, et al. Fournier\u2019s gangrene current approaches. Int Wound J. 2016;13:713\u20136.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"384_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199801000-00016","volume":"101","author":"RSJ Hollabaugh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hollabaugh RSJ, Dmochowski RR, Hickerson WL, Cox CE. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: therapeutic impact of hyperbaric oxygen. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101:94\u2013100.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"384_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0777-3","volume":"30","author":"H Yanar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yanar H, Taviloglu K, Ertekin C, Guloglu R, Zorba U, Cabioglu N, et al. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: risk factors and strategies for management. World J Surg. 2006;30:1750\u20134.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.40776","volume":"54","author":"WM Ghnnam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghnnam WM. Fournier\u2019s gangrene in Mansoura Egypt: a review of 74 cases. J Postgrad Med. 2008;54:106\u20139.","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"384_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.042069","volume":"82","author":"A Thwaini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thwaini A, Khan A, Malik A, Cherian J, Barua J, Shergill I, et al. Fournier\u2019s gangrene and its emergency management. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:516\u20139.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"384_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.07.053","volume":"197","author":"R Czymek","year":"2009","unstructured":"Czymek R, Schmidt A, Eckmann C, Bouchard R, Wulff B, Laubert T, et al. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: vacuum-assisted closure versus conventional dressings. Am J Surg. 2009;197:168\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR92","first-page":"e18","volume":"15","author":"LS Karian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karian LS, Chung SY, Lee ES. Reconstruction of defects after Fournier gangrene: a systematic review. Eplasty. 2015;15:e18.","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"384_CR93","first-page":"74","volume":"73","author":"I Insua-Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Insua-Pereira I, Ferreira PC, Teixeira S, Barreiro D, Silva \u00c1. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: a review of reconstructive options. Central Eur J Urol. 2020;73:74\u20139.","journal-title":"Central Eur J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2019.219","volume":"21","author":"JM Tessier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tessier JM, Sanders J, Sartelli M, Ulrych J, De Simone B, Grabowski J, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: a focused review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, operative management, antimicrobial therapy, and pediatrics. Surg Infect. 2020;21:81\u201393.","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"384_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199909010-00002","volume":"162","author":"M Capelli-Schellpfeffer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Capelli-Schellpfeffer M, Gerber GS. The use of hyperbaric oxygen in urology. J Urol. 1999;162:647\u201354.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"384_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2005.03609.x","volume":"75","author":"F Ayan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ayan F, Sunamak O, Paksoy SM, Polat SS, As A, Sakoglu N, et al. Fournier\u2019s gangrene: a retrospective clinical study on forty-one patients. ANZ J Surg. 2005;75:1055\u20138.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2018.02.008","volume":"28","author":"MA Almadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Almadi MA, Barkun AN. Patient presentation, risk stratification, and initial management in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2018;28:363\u201377.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199707000-00011","volume":"25","author":"MH Kollef","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kollef MH, O'Brien JD, Zuckerman GR, Shannon W. BLEED: a classification tool to predict outcomes in patients with acute upper and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:1125\u201332.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"384_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14568-0","volume":"362","author":"A Das","year":"2003","unstructured":"Das A, Ben-Menachem T, Cooper GS, Chak A, Sivak MV, Gonet JA, et al. Prediction of outcome in acute lower-gastrointestinal haemorrhage based on an artificial neural network: internal and external validation of a predictive model. Lancet. 2003;362:1261\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"384_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00167-3","volume":"2","author":"FS Velayos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Velayos FS, Williamson A, Sousa KH, Lung E, Bostrom A, Weber EJ, et al. Early predictors of severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding and adverse outcomes: a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:485\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"384_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41755.x","volume":"100","author":"LL Strate","year":"2005","unstructured":"Strate LL, Saltzman JR, Ookubo R, Mutinga ML, Syngal S. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for severe acute lower intestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1821\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2011.02824.x","volume":"14","author":"J Newman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Newman J, Fitzgerald JEF, Gupta S, von Roon AC, Sigurdsson HH, Allen-Mersh TG. Outcome predictors in acute surgical admissions for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Color Dis. 2012;14:1020\u20136.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.05.042","volume":"14","author":"T Aoki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aoki T, Nagata N, Shimbo T, Niikura R, Sakurai T, Moriyasu S, et al. Development and validation of a risk scoring system for severe acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1562\u201370.e2.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"384_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.12.009","volume":"130","author":"N Sengupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sengupta N, Tapper EB. Derivation and internal validation of a clinical prediction tool for 30-day mortality in lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Med. 2017;130:601.e1\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"384_CR105","first-page":"624","volume":"85","author":"MV Fargo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fargo MV, Latimer KM. Evaluation and management of common anorectal conditions. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85:624\u201330.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"384_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12555","volume":"16","author":"N Cracco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cracco N, Zinicola R. Is haemorrhoidectomy in inflammatory bowel disease harmful? An old dogma re-examined. Color Dis. 2014;16:516\u20139.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1318.1999.00038.x","volume":"1","author":"F-B Poen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Poen F-B, Cuesta M. Anal endosonography in haemorrhoidal disease: do anatomical changes have clinical implications? Color Dis. 1999;1:146\u201350.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR108","first-page":"204","volume":"84","author":"AL Mounsey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mounsey AL, Halladay J, Sadiq TS. Hemorrhoids. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84:204\u201310.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"384_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318225513d","volume":"54","author":"DE Rivadeneira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rivadeneira DE, Steele SR, Ternent C, Chalasani S, Buie WD, Rafferty JL. Practice parameters for the management of hemorrhoids (revised 2010). Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:1059\u201364.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gardner IH, Siddharthan RV, Tsikitis VL. Benign anorectal disease: hemorrhoids, fissures, and fistulas. Ann Gastroenterol. 2020;33(1):9\u201318.\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20524\/aog.2019.0438.","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2019.0438"},{"key":"384_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198612000-00014","volume":"8","author":"SM Kelly","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kelly SM, Sanowski RA, Foutch PG, Bellapravalu S, Haynes WC. A prospective comparison of anoscopy and fiberendoscopy in detecting anal lesions. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:658\u201360.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05143.x","volume":"23","author":"K Harish","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harish K, Harikumar R, Sunilkumar K, Thomas V. Videoanoscopy: useful technique in the evaluation of hemorrhoids. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:e312\u2013e7.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"384_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2007.12.003","volume":"37","author":"MS Cappell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cappell MS. Reducing the incidence and mortality of colon cancer: mass screening and colonoscopic polypectomy. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2008;37:129\u201360 vii-viii.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt G, Heels-Ansdell D, Johanson JF, Lopez-Yarto M, Mills E, et al. Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(4):CD004649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004649.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004649.pub2"},{"key":"384_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.00359.x","volume":"101","author":"P Alonso-Coello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, L\u00f3pez-Yarto M, Zhou Q, Johanson JF, et al. Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:181\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5378","volume":"93","author":"P Alonso-Coello","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Martinez-Zapata MJ, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, Johanson JF, et al. Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 2006;93:909\u201320.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perera N, Liolitsa D, Iype S, Croxford A, Yassin M, Lang P, Ukaegbu O, van Issum C. Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8):CD004322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004322.pub3.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004322.pub3"},{"key":"384_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234741","volume":"44","author":"P Perrotti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perrotti P, Antropoli C, Molino D, De Stefano G, Antropoli M. Conservative treatment of acute thrombosed external hemorrhoids with topical nifedipine. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:405\u20139.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01134.x","volume":"9","author":"JJ Tjandra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tjandra JJ, Tan JJY, Lim JF, Murray-Green C, Kennedy ML, Lubowski DZ. Rectogesic\u00ae (glyceryl trinitrate 0.2%) ointment relieves symptoms of haemorrhoids associated with high resting anal canal pressures. Color Dis. 2007;9:457\u201363.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR120","first-page":"191","volume":"11","author":"PJ Gupta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gupta PJ. Use of enzyme and heparin paste in acute haemorrhoids. Rom J Gastroenterol. 2002;11:191\u20135.","journal-title":"Rom J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.01.006","volume":"135","author":"L Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng L, Monagle K, Monagle P, Newall F, Ignjatovic V. Topical use of antithrombotics: review of literature. Thromb Res. 2015;135:575\u201381.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"384_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2006.00435.x","volume":"15","author":"S Schoepe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schoepe S, Schacke H, May E, Asadullah K. Glucocorticoid therapy-induced skin atrophy. Exp Dermatol. 2006;15:406\u201320.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"384_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S224211","volume":"13","author":"E Niculet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niculet E, Bobeica C, Tatu AL. Glucocorticoid-induced skin atrophy: the old and the new. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:1041\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"384_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lobascio P, Laforgia R, Novelli E, Perrone F, Di Salvo M, Pezzolla A, et al. Short-term results of sclerotherapy with 3% polidocanol foam for symptomatic second- and third-degree hemorrhoidal disease. J Investig Surg. 2020:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08941939.2020.1745964.","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2020.1745964"},{"key":"384_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2005.00910.x","volume":"8","author":"A Allan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Allan A, Samad AJ, Mellon A, Marshall T. Prospective randomised study of urgent haemorrhoidectomy compared with non-operative treatment in the management of prolapsed thrombosed internal haemorrhoids. Color Dis. 2006;8:41\u20135.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-012-0904-8","volume":"17","author":"KKW Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan KKW, Arthur JDR. External haemorrhoidal thrombosis: evidence for current management. Techniq Coloproctol. 2012;17:21\u20135.","journal-title":"Techniq Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(01)80088-8","volume":"33","author":"J Cavci\u0107","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cavci\u0107 J, Turci\u0107 J, Martinac P, Mestrovi\u0107 T, Mladina R, Pezerovi\u0107-Panijan R. Comparison of topically applied 0.2% glyceryl trinitrate ointment, incision and excision in the treatment of perianal thrombosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2001;33:335\u201340.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"384_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0607-y","volume":"47","author":"J Greenspon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Greenspon J, Williams SB, Young HA, Orkin BA. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids: outcome after conservative or surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1493\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6719-6","volume":"46","author":"J Jongen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jongen J, Bach S, St\u00fcbinger SH, Bock J-U. Excision of thrombosed external hemorrhoid under local anesthesia: a retrospective evaluation of 340 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1226\u201331.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/110241500447452","volume":"166","author":"R Ceulemans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ceulemans R, Creve U, Van Hee R, Martens C, Wuyts FL. Benefit of emergency haemorrhoidectomy: a comparison with results after elective operations. Eur J Surg. 2000;166:808\u201312 discussion 13.","journal-title":"Eur J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810255","volume":"81","author":"KW Eu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Eu KW, Seow-Choen F, Goh HS. Comparison of emergency and elective haemorrhoidectomy. Br J Surg. 1994;81:308\u201310.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1318.2001.00224.x","volume":"3","author":"SR Brown","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown SR, Ballan K, Ho E, Ho Fams YH, Seow-Choen F. Stapled mucosectomy for acute thrombosed circumferentially prolapsed piles: a prospective randomized comparison with conventional haemorrhoidectomy. Color Dis. 2001;3:175\u20138.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4883","volume":"92","author":"JC Kang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kang JC, Chung MH, Chao PC, Lee CC, Hsiao CW, Jao SW. Emergency stapled haemorrhoidectomy for haemorrhoidal crisis. Br J Surg. 2005;92:1014\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-007-0259-z","volume":"11","author":"H-J Lai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lai H-J, Jao S-W, Su C-C, Lee M-C, Kang J-C. Stapled hemorrhoidectomy versus conventional excision hemorrhoidectomy for acute hemorrhoidal crisis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:1654\u201361.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"384_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9085-3","volume":"51","author":"JCH Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong JCH, Chung CC, Yau KK, Cheung HYS, Wong DCT, Chan OCY, et al. Stapled technique for acute thrombosed hemorrhoids: a randomized, controlled trial with long-term results. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:397\u2013403.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4008","volume":"90","author":"RJ Guy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guy RJ, Seow-Choen F. Septic complications after treatment of haemorrhoids. Br J Surg. 2003;90:147\u201356.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-014-1017-8","volume":"38","author":"V Vidal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vidal V, Sapoval M, Sielezneff Y, De Parades V, Tradi F, Louis G, et al. Emborrhoid: a new concept for the treatment of hemorrhoids with arterial embolization: the first 14 cases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;38:72\u20138.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"384_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2016.08.002","volume":"97","author":"A Zakharchenko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zakharchenko A, Kaitoukov Y, Vinnik Y, Tradi F, Sapoval M, Sielezneff I, et al. Safety and efficacy of superior rectal artery embolization with particles and metallic coils for the treatment of hemorrhoids (Emborrhoid technique). Diag Interv Imaging. 2016;97:1079\u201384.","journal-title":"Diag Interv Imaging"},{"key":"384_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13430","volume":"19","author":"N Moussa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moussa N, Sielezneff I, Sapoval M, Tradi F, Del Giudice C, Fathallah N, et al. Embolization of the superior rectal arteries for chronic bleeding due to haemorrhoidal disease. Color Dis. 2017;19:194\u20139.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.01.778","volume":"29","author":"F Tradi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tradi F, Louis G, Giorgi R, Mege D, Bartoli J-M, Sielezneff I, et al. Embolization of the superior rectal arteries for hemorrhoidal disease: prospective results in 25 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29:884\u201392.e1.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"384_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e702","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12417","volume":"15","author":"S Maslekar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maslekar S, Toh EW, Adair R, Bate JP, Botterill I. Systematic review of anorectal varices. Color Dis. 2013;15:e702\u2013e10.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02047.x","volume":"29","author":"A Wiechowska-Koz\u0142owska","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wiechowska-Koz\u0142owska A, Bia\u0142ek A, Milkiewicz P. Prevalence of \u2018deep\u2019 rectal varices in patients with cirrhosis: an EUS-based study. Liver Int. 2009;29:1202\u20135.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"384_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(93)70214-X","volume":"39","author":"RK Dhiman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dhiman RK, Choudhuri G, Saraswat VA, Mukhopadhyay DK, Khan EM, Pandey R, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the rectum in cirrhotic portal hypertension. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;39:635\u201340.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"384_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(03)00203-1","volume":"27","author":"T Sato","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sato T. The value of the ultrasonic microprobe in the detection and treatment of rectal varices: a case report. Hepatol Res. 2003;27:158\u201362.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"384_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1815-0","volume":"41","author":"T Sato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sato T, Yamazaki K, Akaike J. Evaluation of the hemodynamics of rectal varices by endoscopic ultrasonography. J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:588\u201392.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01340.x","volume":"102","author":"T Sato","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sato T, Yamazaki K, Toyota J, Karino Y, Ohmura T, Akaike J. Diagnosis of rectal varices via color Doppler ultrasonography. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2253\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i31.5035","volume":"19","author":"E Biecker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biecker E. Portal hypertension and gastrointestinal bleeding: diagnosis, prevention and management. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:5035.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-011-9811-0","volume":"37","author":"E Moubarak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moubarak E, Bouvier A, Boursier J, Lebigot J, Ridereau-Zins C, Thouveny F, et al. Portosystemic collateral vessels in liver cirrhosis: a three-dimensional MDCT pictorial review. Abdom Radiol. 2011;37:746\u201366.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"384_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.10357","volume":"201","author":"SP Raman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raman SP, Horton KM, Fishman EK. MDCT and CT angiography evaluation of rectal bleeding: the role of volume visualization. Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:589\u201397.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"384_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-015-1069-9","volume":"50","author":"N Nagata","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagata N, Niikura R, Aoki T, Moriyasu S, Sakurai T, Shimbo T, et al. Role of urgent contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients undergoing early colonoscopy. J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:1162\u201372.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554764","volume":"26","author":"WC Bernstein","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bernstein WC. What are hemorrhoids and what is their relationship to the portal venous system? Dis Colon Rectum. 1983;26:829\u201334.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1005477","volume":"28","author":"SP Misra","year":"1996","unstructured":"Misra SP, Dwivedi M, Misra V. Prevalence and factors influencing hemorrhoids, anorectal varices, and colopathy in patients with portal hypertension. Endoscopy. 1996;28:340\u20135.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"384_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-861252","volume":"37","author":"S Misra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Misra S, Dwivedi M, Misra V, Dharmani S, Kunwar B, Arora J. Colonic changes in patients with cirrhosis and in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Endoscopy. 2005;37:454\u20139.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"384_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.277","volume":"105","author":"L Laine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laine L, Shah A. Randomized trial of urgent vs. elective colonoscopy in patients hospitalized with lower GI bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:2636\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001133420202","volume":"342","author":"DM Jensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jensen DM, Machicado GA, Jutabha R, Kovacs TO. Urgent colonoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of severe diverticular hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:78\u201382.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"384_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.41","volume":"111","author":"LL Strate","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strate LL, Gralnek IM. ACG clinical guideline: management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:459\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR157","first-page":"779","volume":"80","author":"M Wang","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wang M, Desigan G, Dunn D. Endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding rectal varices: a case report. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985;80:779\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(86)71928-7","volume":"32","author":"DB Weiserbs","year":"1986","unstructured":"Weiserbs DB, Zfass AM, Messmer J. Control of massive hemorrhage from rectal varices with sclerotherapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1986;32:419\u201321.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"384_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01645319","volume":"3","author":"J Richon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Richon J, Berclaz R, Schneider PA, Marti MC. Sclerotherapy of rectal varices. Int J Color Dis. 1988;3:132\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90031-J","volume":"15","author":"TF Wang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wang TF, Lee FY, Tsai YT, Lee SD, Wang SS, Hsia HC, et al. Relationship of portal pressure, anorectal varices and hemorrhoids in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 1992;15:170\u20133.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"384_CR161","first-page":"114","volume":"93","author":"T Kojima","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kojima T, Onda M, Tajiri T, Kim DY, Toba M, Masumori K, et al. A case of massive bleeding from rectal varices treated with endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL). Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 1996;93:114\u20139.","journal-title":"Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"384_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280434","volume":"28","author":"ID Norton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Norton ID, Andrews JC, Kamath PS. Management of ectopic varices. Hepatology. 1998;28:1154\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"384_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1001436","volume":"30","author":"Y Uno","year":"1998","unstructured":"Uno Y, Munakata A, Ishiguro A, Fukuda S, Sugai M, Munakata H. Endoscopic ligation for bleeding rectal varices in a child with primary extrahepatic portal hypertension. Endoscopy. 1998;30:S107\u20138.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"384_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015802732217","volume":"47","author":"B Firoozi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Firoozi B, Gamagaris Z, Weinshel EH, Bini EJ. Endoscopic band ligation of bleeding rectal varices. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:1502\u20135.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"384_CR165","first-page":"941","volume":"49","author":"T Yamanaka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yamanaka T, Shiraki K, Ito T, Sugimoto K, Sakai T, Ohmori S, et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy (ethanolamine oleate injection) for acute rectal varices bleeding in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:941\u20133.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"384_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-8320(06)73315-2","volume":"30","author":"J Boursier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boursier J, Oberti F, Reaud S, Person B, Maurin A, Cales P. Bleeding from rectal varices in a patient with severe decompensated cirrhosis: success of endoscopic band ligation. A case report and review of the literature. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006;30:783\u20135.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"384_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2006.01.007","volume":"34","author":"T Sato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sato T, Yamazaki K, Toyota J, Karino Y, Ohmura T, Suga T. The value of the endoscopic therapies in the treatment of rectal varices: a retrospective comparison between injection sclerotherapy and band ligation. Hepatol Res. 2006;34:250\u20135.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"384_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sato, Takahiro et al. \u201cRetrospective analysis of endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for rectal varices compared with band ligation.\u201d\u00a0Clin Exp\u00a0Gastroenterol.\u00a02010;3:159\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CEG.S15401","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S15401"},{"key":"384_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2018.12.006","volume":"29","author":"A Nett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nett A, Binmoeller KF. Endoscopic management of portal hypertension\u2013related bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2019;29:321\u201337.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-017-9804-3","volume":"12","author":"V Hern\u00e1ndez-Gea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Gea V, Berbel C, Baiges A, Garc\u00eda-Pag\u00e1n JC. Acute variceal bleeding: risk stratification and management (including TIPS). Hepatol Int. 2017;12:81\u201390.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"384_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211801","volume":"368","author":"C Villanueva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepci\u00f3n M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:11\u201321.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"384_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12626","volume":"54","author":"M Menis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menis M, Anderson SA, Forshee RA, mckean S, Johnson C, Warnock R, et al. Transfusion-related acute lung injury and potential risk factors among the inpatient US elderly as recorded in Medicare claims data, during 2007 through 2011. Transfusion. 2014;54:2182\u201393.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"384_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12667","volume":"14","author":"JG O\u2019Leary","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary JG, Demetris AJ, Friedman LS, Gebel HM, Halloran PF, Kirk AD, et al. The role of donor-specific HLA alloantibodies in liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:779\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"384_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28291","volume":"63","author":"RS Rahimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rahimi RS, O\u2019Leary JG. Transfusing common sense instead of blood products into coagulation testing in patients with cirrhosis: overtreatment \u2260 safety. Hepatology. 2016;63:368\u201370.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"384_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.070","volume":"157","author":"JG O'Leary","year":"2019","unstructured":"O'Leary JG, Greenberg CS, Patton HM, Caldwell SH. AGA clinical practice update: coagulation in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2019;157:34\u201343.e1.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"384_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800830825","volume":"83","author":"MK Roy","year":"1996","unstructured":"Roy MK, Rhodes M, Ruttley MS, Wheeler MH. Sengstaken tube for bleeding rectal angiodysplasia. Br J Surg. 1996;83:1111.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-013-1642-8","volume":"28","author":"AT Michopoulou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michopoulou AT, Doulgerakis GE, Pierrakakis SK. Sengstaken-Blakemore tube for massive haemorrhage following rectal biopsies. Int J Color Dis. 2013;28:1595\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4266\/kjccm.2014.29.3.237","volume":"29","author":"KS Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim KS, Suh GJ, Kwon WY. Successful bridging hemostasis using a sengstaken-blakemore tube in massive rectal variceal bleeding. Korean J Crit Care Med. 2014;29:237.","journal-title":"Korean J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"384_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buechter M, Theysohn J, Kahraman A, Manka P, Gerken G, Canbay A, Dech\u00eane A. Rescue therapy of a refractory rectal variceal bleeding in a cirrhotic patient by Linton-Nachlas tube and TIPS implantation in combination with variceal embolization. Z Gastroenterol 2016;55:50-5.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-116234"},{"key":"384_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5811\/cpcem.2019.3.41772","volume":"3","author":"MM Neeki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neeki MM, Raj V, Archambeau B, Arabian S, Hussain F. Novel application of balloon tamponade in management of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 2019;3:243\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med"},{"key":"384_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2020.09.066","volume":"75","author":"MG Fadel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fadel MG, Boshier PR, Howell AM, Iskandarani M, Tekkis P, Kontovounisios C. The management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding using a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020;75:394\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"384_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12232","volume":"44","author":"K Yoshino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yoshino K, Imai Y, Nakazawa M, Chikayama T, Ando S, Sugawara K, et al. Therapeutic strategy for patients with bleeding rectal varices complicating liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res. 2014;44:1088\u201394.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"384_CR183","first-page":"1081","volume":"92","author":"ND Grace","year":"1997","unstructured":"Grace ND. Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension. American College of Gastroenterology practice parameters committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1081\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2019.12.001","volume":"2","author":"SG Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues SG, Mendoza YP, Bosch J. Beta-blockers in cirrhosis: evidence-based indications and limitations. JHEP Rep. 2020;2:100063.","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"384_CR185","first-page":"1082","volume":"18","author":"F Feu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Feu F, Bordas JM, Luca A, Garc\u00eda-Pag\u00e1n JC, Escorsell A, Bosch J, et al. Reduction of variceal pressure by propranolol: comparison of the effects on portal pressure and azygos blood flow in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1993;18:1082\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"384_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.048181","volume":"54","author":"U Thalheimer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thalheimer U, Triantos CK, Samonakis DN, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Infection, coagulation, and variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gut. 2005;54:556\u201363.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"384_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soares-Weiser K, Brezis M, Tur-Kaspa R, Leibovici L. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD002907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002907.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002907"},{"key":"384_CR188","first-page":"Cd002907","volume":"2010","author":"NC Chavez-Tapia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila FI, Soares-Weiser K, Uribe M. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010:Cd002907.","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"384_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04746.x","volume":"34","author":"NC Chavez-Tapia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila F, Soares-Weiser K, Mendez-Sanchez N, Gluud C, et al. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding - an updated Cochrane review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:509\u201318.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"384_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000249","volume":"27","author":"J-F Cadranel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cadranel J-F, Garioud A, Nousbaum J-B. Benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding in real life. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27:183\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"384_CR191","first-page":"1226","volume":"92","author":"H Demirel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Demirel H, Pieterman H, Lam\u00e9ris JS, van Buuren HR. Transjugular embolization of the inferior mesenteric vein for bleeding anorectal varices after unsuccessful transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1226\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.2.1780362","volume":"178","author":"N Hidajat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hidajat N, Stobbe H, Hosten N, Schroeder R-J, Fauth M, Vogl T, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and transjugular embolization of bleeding rectal varices in portal hypertension. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:362\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"384_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2009.05.041","volume":"20","author":"K Ibukuro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ibukuro K, Kojima K, Kigawa I, Tanaka R, Fukuda H, Abe S, et al. Embolization of rectal varices via a paraumbilical vein with an abdominal wall approach in a patient with massive ascites. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20:1259\u201361.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"384_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i8.2558","volume":"21","author":"SS Ahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahn SS. Successful hemostasis of intractable rectal variceal bleeding using variceal embolization. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:2558.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28906","volume":"65","author":"G Garcia-Tsao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2017;65:310\u201335.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"384_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000439164","volume":"9","author":"SM Sakib","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sakib SM, Kobayashi K, Jawed M. Potential pitfalls in transjugular portosystemic shunt placement for bleeding rectal varices. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2015;9:296\u2013301.","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00010.x","volume":"11","author":"H Kanagawa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kanagawa H, Mima S, Kouyama H, Gotoh K, Uchida T, Okuda K. Treatment of gastric fundal varices by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;11:51\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"384_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2005.11.038","volume":"63","author":"A Anan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anan A, Irie M, Watanabe H, Sohda T, Iwata K, Suzuki N, et al. Colonic varices treated by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration in a cirrhotic patient with encephalopathy: a case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:880\u20134.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"384_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1159\/000496121","volume":"26","author":"M Garrido","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garrido M, Goncalves B, Ferreira S, Rocha M, Salgado M, Pedroto I. Treating untreatable rectal varices. GE Port J Gastroenterol. 2019;26:420\u20134.","journal-title":"GE Port J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-015-1174-4","volume":"38","author":"Y Ono","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ono Y, Kariya S, Nakatani M, Yoshida R, Kono Y, Kan N, et al. Balloon-occluded antegrade transvenous sclerotherapy to treat rectal varices: a direct puncture approach to the superior rectal vein through the greater sciatic foramen under CT fluoroscopy guidance. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2015;38:1320\u20134.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"384_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(04)01197-6","volume":"5","author":"M Bittinger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bittinger M, Probst A, Eberl T, Schmidbaur W, Barnert J, Jechart G, et al. Bleeding from rectal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis - an ominous event. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;5:270.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"384_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1318.2002.00343.x","volume":"4","author":"ID Botterill","year":"2002","unstructured":"Botterill ID, Jayne DG, Snelling AP, Ambrose NS. Correction of symptomatic ano-rectal varices with circumferential stapled anoplasty. Color Dis. 2002;4:217.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6728-5","volume":"46","author":"S Biswas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Biswas S, George ML, Leather AJM. Stapled anopexy in the treatment of anal varices: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:1284\u20135.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0255-x","volume":"49","author":"A Parvaiz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Parvaiz A, Azeem S, Singh RK, Lamparelli M. Stapled hemorrhoidopexy: an alternative technique for the treatment of bleeding anorectal varices. Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:411\u20132.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2008.01616.x","volume":"11","author":"AK Kaul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaul AK, Skaife PG. Circumferential stapled procedure for bleeding ano-rectal varices is an effective treatment--experience in nine patients. Color Dis. 2009;11:420\u20133.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2008.01725.x","volume":"12","author":"TJ Underwood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Underwood TJ, Brent A, Nash GF. Haemorrhoidal artery ligation operation for the treatment of symptomatic anorectal varices. Color Dis. 2010;12:148\u20139.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2008.06.001","volume":"37","author":"RJF Felt-Bersma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Felt-Bersma RJF, Tiersma ESM, Cuesta MA. Rectal prolapse, rectal intussusception, rectocele, solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, and Enterocele. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2008;37:645\u201368.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690509400306","volume":"94","author":"MV Kairaluoma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kairaluoma MV, Kellokumpu IH. Epidemiologic aspects of complete rectal prolapse. Scand J Surg. 2005;94:207\u201310.","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR209","first-page":"185","volume":"28","author":"R Calvo-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calvo-Rodr\u00edguez R, Gallardo-Valverde JM, Montero-P\u00e9rez FJ, Baena-Delgado E, Jim\u00e9nez-Murillo L. Utility of biomarkers in abdominal pain management. Emergencias. 2016;28:185\u201392.","journal-title":"Emergencias"},{"key":"384_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12993","volume":"85","author":"BH Dias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dias BH, Rozario AP, Olakkengil SA. Role of inflammatory markers as predictors of laparotomy in patients presenting with acute abdomen. ANZ J Surg. 2015;85:755\u20139.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.07.22","volume":"6","author":"M Montagnana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montagnana M, Danese E, Lippi G. Biochemical markers of acute intestinal ischemia: possibilities and limitations. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6:341.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"384_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2011.0021","volume":"31","author":"P Ravishankaran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ravishankaran P, Shah AM, Bhat R. Correlation of interleukin-6, serum lactate, and C-reactive protein to inflammation, complication, and outcome during the surgical course of patients with acute abdomen. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2011;31:685\u201390.","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"key":"384_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c7etinkaya E, Bulut B, Baba S, et al. Rectosigmoidal Tumor Prolapsed Through Anal Canal: A Case Report. Int J Dig Dis. 2016;2:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2472-1891.100021.","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-1891.100021"},{"key":"384_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koizumi, Noriaki et al. \u201cMassive chronic irreducible rectal prolapse successfully treated with Altemeier's procedure.\u201d J Surg Case Rep. 2018;2018:4 rjy064.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjy064","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjy064"},{"key":"384_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2018.08.057","volume":"51","author":"XH Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen XH, Pham PK, Steinhagen RM, Pham GA, Le NH, Nguyen NA. Case series: incarcerated massive rectal prolapse successfully treated with Altemeier\u2019s procedure. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2018;51:309\u201312.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"384_CR216","first-page":"628","volume":"25","author":"S Akbulut","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akbulut S, Bozkurt MA, Kabuli HA, G\u00fcne\u015f ME. Small bowel prolapse from anus: atypical presentation of rectal perforation. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2019;25:628\u201330.","journal-title":"Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg"},{"key":"384_CR217","unstructured":"Pisano G, Erdas E, Medas F, Pisano U, Cal\u00f2 PG. Small bowel transanal evisceration mimicking a rectal prolapse. A case report and review of literature. Ann Ital Chir. 2017;6."},{"key":"384_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02483019","volume":"29","author":"T Yamazaki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yamazaki T, Sakai Y, Sekine Y, Nihei K, Hatakeyama K. Sigmoid colon cancer presenting as complete rectal prolapse: report of a case. Surg Today. 1999;29:266\u20137.","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"384_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-963458","volume":"46","author":"C-W Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen C-W, Hsiao C-W, Wu C-C, Jao S-W. Rectal prolapse as initial clinical manifestation of colon cancer. Z Gastroenterol. 2008;46:348\u201350.","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahmood, Arshad et al. \u201cAdult intussusception presenting as rectal prolapse.\u201d\u00a0BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2013203281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-203281.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-203281"},{"key":"384_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montwedi, Daniel. \u201cRectosigmoid carcinoma presenting as full-thickness rectal prolapse.\u201d\u00a0BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(12):e230409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-230409.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-230409"},{"key":"384_CR222","first-page":"345","volume":"8","author":"M Akyuz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akyuz M, Topal U, Gok M, Ar\u0131kan TB, Sozuer E, Akyildiz HY. Sigmoid colon cancer presenting as complete prolapse. Ann Ital Chir. 2019;8:345\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Ital Chir"},{"key":"384_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(96)80213-3","volume":"119","author":"Z Rashid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rashid Z, Basson MD. Association of rectal prolapse with colorectal cancer. Surgery. 1996;119:51\u20135.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"384_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-009-0507-1","volume":"14","author":"R Shapiro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shapiro R, Chin EH, Steinhagen RM. Reduction of an incarcerated, prolapsed ileostomy with the assistance of sugar as a desiccant. Tech Coloproctol. 2009;14:269\u201371.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840050223","volume":"14","author":"A Chaudhuri","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chaudhuri A. Hyaluronidase in the reduction of incarcerated rectal prolapse: a novel use. Int J Color Dis. 1999;14:264.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0913-4","volume":"48","author":"U Sarpel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sarpel U, Jacob BP, Steinhagen RM. Reduction of a large incarcerated rectal prolapse by use of an elastic compression wrap. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1320\u20132.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR227","first-page":"105","volume":"66","author":"T Seenivasagam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seenivasagam T, Gerald H, Ghassan N, Vivek T, Bedi AS, Suneet S. Irreducible rectal prolapse: emergency surgical management of eight cases and a review of the literature. Med J Malays. 2011;66:105\u20137.","journal-title":"Med J Malays"},{"key":"384_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i21.2689","volume":"16","author":"I Voulimeneas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Voulimeneas I. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy for gangrenous rectal prolapse. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:2689.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.22516\/25007440.170","volume":"33","author":"CM Lopez Guzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez Guzman CM, Salcedo Miranda DF. Rectosigmoidectom\u00eda perineal (Procedimiento de Altemeier) Para el prolapso rectal encarcelado: reporte de un Caso. Rev Colomb Gastroenterol. 2018;33:454.","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.12177","volume":"15","author":"A Senapati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Senapati A, Gray RG, Middleton LJ, Harding J, Hills RK, Armitage NCM, et al. PROSPER: a randomised comparison of surgical treatments for rectal prolapse. Color Dis. 2013;15:858\u201368.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13255","volume":"18","author":"CK Gunner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gunner CK, Senapati A, Northover JMA, Brown SR. Life after PROSPER. What do people do for external rectal prolapse? Color Dis. 2016;18:811\u20134.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR232","first-page":"CD001758","volume":"2015","author":"S Tou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tou S, Brown SR, Nelson RL. Surgery for complete (full-thickness) rectal prolapse in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015:CD001758.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"384_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.09.005","volume":"46","author":"SH Emile","year":"2017","unstructured":"Emile SH, Elfeki H, Shalaby M, Sakr A, Sileri P, Wexner SD. Perineal resectional procedures for the treatment of complete rectal prolapse: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Surg. 2017;46:146\u201354.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.900243","volume":"17","author":"WM Al-Ameen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Ameen WM, Privitera A, Al-Ayed A, Sabr K. Laparoscopic-assisted Altemeier\u2019s procedure for recurrent strangulated rectal prolapse: a case report. Am J Case Rep. 2016;17:827\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"384_CR235","first-page":"CS60","volume":"14","author":"MF Yuzbasioglu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yuzbasioglu MF, Bulbuloglu E, Ozkaya M, Oksuz H. A different approach to incarcerated and complicated rectal prolapse. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:CS60\u20133.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"384_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berney C. Complicated incarcerated rectal prolapse: a surgical challenge in an elderly patient on antiplatelet drugs. Aus Med J. 2010;3(10):691\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4066\/AMJ.2010.428.","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2010.428"},{"key":"384_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-012-0656-8","volume":"75","author":"H Ben Ameur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ben Ameur H, Rejab H, Beyrouti MI. Altemeier operation for recurred and strangulated rectal prolapse. Indian J Surg. 2012;75:224\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2015.02.003","volume":"10","author":"JZ Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li JZ, Kittmer T, Forbes S, Ruo L. Case report: sigmoid strangulation from evisceration through a perforated rectal prolapse ulcer \u2013 an unusual complication of rectal prolapse. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2015;10:238\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"384_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bayar R, Djebbi A, Mzoughi Z, Talbi G, Gharbi L, Arfa N, Mestiri H, Khalfallah MT. Prolapsus rectal \u00e9trangl\u00e9 de l\u2019adulte jeune: \u00e0 propos d\u2019un cas et revue de la litt\u00e9rature [Strangled rectal prolapse in young adults: about a case and review of the literature]. Pan Afr Med J.\u00a02016;25:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2016.25.60.10721.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2016.25.60.10721"},{"key":"384_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-016-3190-3","volume":"20","author":"RB Cernuda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cernuda RB, \u00c1ngel JP, Fern\u00e1ndez NT, S\u00e1nchez-Farp\u00f3n JH, P\u00e9rez JA\u00c1. Perineal rectosigmoidectomy (Altemeier procedure) as treatment of strangulated rectal prolapse. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20:2102\u20133.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"384_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-016-1562-2","volume":"79","author":"VD Borgaonkar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borgaonkar VD, Deshpande SS, Borgaonkar VV, Rathod MD. Emergency perineal rectosigmoidectomy for gangrenous rectal prolapse: a single-Centre experience with review of literature. Indian J Surg. 2017;79:45\u201350.","journal-title":"Indian J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2087","volume":"7","author":"N Malibary","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malibary N, Brigand C. Strangulated recurrent rectal prolapse after a Delorme intervention, a case report. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7:770\u20132.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"384_CR243","first-page":"312","volume":"41","author":"JS Cohen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cohen JS, Sackier JM. Management of colorectal foreign bodies. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1996;41:312\u20135.","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"384_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1368-5031.2006.00709.x","volume":"60","author":"AA Ayantunde","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ayantunde AA, Oke T. A review of gastrointestinal foreign bodies. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:735\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"384_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-012-0899-1","volume":"17","author":"AA Ayantunde","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ayantunde AA. Approach to the diagnosis and management of retained rectal foreign bodies: clinical update. Tech Coloproctol. 2012;17:13\u201320.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(05)70264-9","volume":"14","author":"LB Stack","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stack LB, Munter DW. Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1996;14:493\u2013521.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"384_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2004.00699.x","volume":"7","author":"DL Clarke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clarke DL, Buccimazza I, Anderson FA, Thomson SR. Colorectal foreign bodies. Color Dis. 2005;7:98\u2013103.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2009.02109.x","volume":"12","author":"MA Kurer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurer MA, Davey C, Khan S, Chintapatla S. Colorectal foreign bodies: a systematic review. Color Dis. 2010;12:851\u201361.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0676-4","volume":"47","author":"JP Lake","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lake JP, Essani R, Petrone P, Kaiser AM, Asensio J, Beart RW. Management of retained colorectal foreign bodies: predictors of operative intervention. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1694\u20138.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2006.01184.x","volume":"9","author":"JI Rodr\u00edguez-Hermosa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Hermosa JI, Codina-Cazador A, Ruiz B, Sirvent JM, Roig J, Farr\u00e9s R. Management of foreign bodies in the rectum. Color Dis. 2007;9:543\u20138.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2009.10.004","volume":"90","author":"JE Goldberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldberg JE, Steele SR. Rectal foreign bodies. Surg Clin N Am. 2010;90:173\u201384.","journal-title":"Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"384_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022719","volume":"349","author":"SJ Traub","year":"2003","unstructured":"Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing--the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2519\u201326.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"384_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0117-6","volume":"48","author":"KR Berghoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berghoff KR, Franklin ME. Laparoscopic-assisted rectal foreign body removal: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1975\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4403","volume":"14","author":"JJ Koornstra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koornstra JJ, Weersma RK. Management of rectal foreign bodies: description of a new technique and clinical practice guidelines. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:4403.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329392","volume":"25","author":"K Cologne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cologne K, Ault G. Rectal foreign bodies: what is the current standard? Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2012;25:214\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"384_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-8-11","volume":"8","author":"A Coskun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coskun A, Erkan N, Yakan S, Y\u0131ldirim M, Cengiz F. Management of rectal foreign bodies. World J Emerg Surg. 2013;8:11.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"384_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2015.07.499","volume":"66","author":"H-J Tseng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tseng H-J, Hanna TN, Shuaib W, Aized M, Khosa F, Linnau KF. Imaging foreign bodies: ingested, aspirated, and inserted. Ann Emerg Med. 2015;66:570\u201382.e5.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"384_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_172_17","volume":"21","author":"H Cinar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cinar H, Berkesoglu M, Derebey M, Karadeniz E, Yildirim C, Karabulut K, et al. Surgical management of anorectal foreign bodies. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018;21:721.","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"384_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554312","volume":"28","author":"A Nehme Kingsley","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nehme Kingsley A, Abcarian H. Colorectal foreign bodies. Management update. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:941\u20134.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR260","first-page":"607","volume":"66","author":"W-C Huang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huang W-C, Jiang J-K, Wang H-S, Yang S-H, Chen W-S, Lin T-C, et al. Retained rectal foreign bodies. J Chin Med Assoc. 2003;66:607\u201312.","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"384_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2011.11.007","volume":"3","author":"G Kasotakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kasotakis G, Roediger L, Mittal S. Rectal foreign bodies: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2012;3:111\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"384_CR262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.86649","volume":"4","author":"AF Hefny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hefny AF, Abu-Zidan FM. Sonographic diagnosis of intraperitoneal free air. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2011;4:511\u20133.","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"384_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0b013e318045bf1a","volume":"17","author":"RM Singaporewalla","year":"2007","unstructured":"Singaporewalla RM, Tan DEL, Tan TK. Use of endoscopic snare to extract a large rectosigmoid foreign body with review of literature. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007;17:145\u20138.","journal-title":"Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"384_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E238","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255573","volume":"42","author":"P Billi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Billi P, Bassi M, Ferrara F, Biscardi A, Villani S, Baldoni F, et al. Endoscopic removal of a large rectal foreign body using a large balloon dilator: report of a case and description of the technique. Endoscopy. 2010;42(Suppl 2):E238.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"384_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-015-0541-6","volume":"40","author":"S Cappelletti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Ciallella C. Commentary on confounding definitions and descriptions of body packing. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40:3365\u20136.","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"384_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.11.002","volume":"45","author":"A Chauvin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chauvin A, Viala J, Marteau P, Hermann P, Dray X. Management and endoscopic techniques for digestive foreign body and food bolus impaction. Dig Liver Dis. 2013;45:529\u201342.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"384_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8520767","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8520767","volume":"2016","author":"M Bekkerman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bekkerman M, Sachdev AH, Andrade J, Twersky Y, Iqbal S. Endoscopic management of foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract: a review of the literature. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:8520767.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"384_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100456","volume":"48","author":"M Birk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Birk M, Bauerfeind P, Deprez PH, H\u00e4fner M, Hartmann D, Hassan C, et al. Removal of foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract in adults: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline. Endoscopy. 2016;48:489\u201396.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"384_CR269","first-page":"173","volume":"36","author":"M Yaman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yaman M, Deitel M, Burul CJ, Shahi B, Hadar B. Foreign bodies in the rectum. Can J Surg. 1993;36:173\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-009-0548-5","volume":"14","author":"R Durai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Durai R, Biradhar D, Ng PCH. Two port laparoscopic-assisted removal of a migrating rectal foreign body. Tech Coloproctol. 2010;14:263\u20134.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR271","first-page":"246","volume":"42","author":"G Kouraklis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kouraklis G, Misiakos E, Dovas N, Karatzas G, Gogas J. Management of foreign bodies of the rectum: report of 21 cases. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1997;42:246\u20137.","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"384_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2009.11680438","volume":"109","author":"M Safioleas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Safioleas M, Stamatakos M, Safioleas C, Chatziconstantinou C, Papachristodoulou A. The management of patients with retained foreign bodies in the rectum: from surgeon with respect. Acta Chirugica Belg. 2009;109:352\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Chirugica Belg"},{"key":"384_CR273","first-page":"13","volume":"2018","author":"N De\u2019angelis","year":"2017","unstructured":"De\u2019angelis N, Di Saverio S, Chiara O, Sartelli M, Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez A, Patrizi F, et al. WSES guidelines for the management of iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;2018:13.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"384_CR274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480807401101","volume":"74","author":"MH Mccafferty","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mccafferty MH, Roth L, Jorden J. Current management of diverticulitis. Am Surg. 2008;74:1041\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"384_CR275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-009-0747-6","volume":"24","author":"FJ Fleming","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fleming FJ, Gillen P. Reversal of Hartmann's procedure following acute diverticulitis: is timing everything? Int J Color Dis. 2009;24:1219\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200105000-00001","volume":"50","author":"D Demetriades","year":"2001","unstructured":"Demetriades D, Murray JA, Chan L, Ordo\u00f1ez C, Bowley D, Nagy KK, et al. Penetrating colon injuries requiring resection: diversion or primary anastomosis? An AAST prospective multicenter study. J Trauma. 2001;50:765\u201375.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"384_CR277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cursur.2004.09.004","volume":"62","author":"MW Herr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herr MW, Gagliano RA. Historical perspective and current management of colonic and intraperitoneal rectal trauma. Curr Surg. 2005;62:187\u201392.","journal-title":"Curr Surg"},{"key":"384_CR278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000953","volume":"80","author":"PL Bosarge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bosarge PL, Como JJ, Fox N, Falck-Ytter Y, Haut ER, Dorion HA, et al. Management of penetrating extraperitoneal rectal injuries: an eastern Association for the Surgery of trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80:546\u201351.","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"384_CR279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481808400838","volume":"84","author":"AM Lasinski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lasinski AM, Gil L, Kothari AN, Anstadt MJ, Gonzalez RP. Defining outcomes after colon resection in blunt trauma: is diversion or primary anastomosis more favorable? Am Surg. 2018;84:1288\u201393.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"384_CR280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00313-4","volume":"15","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sartelli M, Weber DG, Kluger Y, Ansaloni L, Coccolini F, Abu-Zidan F, et al. 2020 update of the WSES guidelines for the management of acute colonic diverticulitis in the emergency setting. World J Emerg Surg. 2020;15:32.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"384_CR281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-018-0162-9","volume":"13","author":"N de\u2019 Angelis","year":"2018","unstructured":"de\u2019 Angelis N, Di Saverio S, Chiara O, Sartelli M, Martinez-Perez A, Patrizi F, et al. 2017 WSES guidelines for the management of iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation. World J Emerg Surg. 2018;13:5.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"384_CR282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-017-0132-7","volume":"12","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sartelli M, Catena F, Abu-Zidan FM, Ansaloni L, Biffl WL, Boermeester MA, et al. Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the WSES 2016 consensus conference. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:12.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"384_CR283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1609026","volume":"31","author":"R Jamshidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jamshidi R. Anorectal complaints: hemorrhoids, fissures, abscesses, fistulae. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2018;31:117\u201320.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"384_CR284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800831006","volume":"83","author":"JN Lund","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lund JN, Scholefield JH. Aetiology and treatment of anal fissure. Br J Surg. 1996;83:1335\u201344.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200002000-00001","volume":"48","author":"DE Barker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barker DE, Kaufman HJ, Smith LA, Ciraulo DL, Richart CL, Burns RP. Vacuum pack technique of temporary abdominal closure: a 7-year experience with 112 patients. J Trauma. 2000;48:201\u20136 discussion 6-7.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"384_CR286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1272820","volume":"24","author":"K Zaghiyan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zaghiyan K, Fleshner P. Anal fissure. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011;24:022\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"384_CR287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-017-1636-6","volume":"21","author":"B Trilling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trilling B, Pflieger H, Faucheron JL. Decreased blood flow to the posterior anal canal shown during Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation explains anodermal ischemia in anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2017;21:411\u20132.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570390","volume":"29","author":"M Shashidharan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shashidharan M, Beaty J. Anal fissure. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2016;29:030\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"384_CR289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-003-0430-2","volume":"390","author":"AG Acheson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Acheson AG, Scholefield JH. Anal fissure: the changing management of a surgical condition. Langenbeck\u2019s Arch Surg. 2005;390:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch Surg"},{"key":"384_CR290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-020-02253-2","volume":"24","author":"P Garg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garg P. Anal fistula associated with anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24:785.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6529.1167","volume":"292","author":"SL Jensen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jensen SL. Treatment of first episodes of acute anal fissure: prospective randomised study of lignocaine ointment versus hydrocortisone ointment or warm sitz baths plus bran. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292:1167\u20139.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"384_CR292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03838.x","volume":"76","author":"P Gupta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gupta P. Randomized, controlled study comparing sitz-bath and no-sitz-bath treatments in patients with acute anal fissures. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76:718\u201321.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nelson RL, Thomas K, Morgan J, Jones A. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD003431.pub3.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003431.pub3"},{"key":"384_CR294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-015-1289-2","volume":"19","author":"R Digennaro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Digennaro R, Pecorella G, La Manna S, Alderisio A, Alderisio A Jr, De Pascalis B, et al. Prospective multicenter observational trial on the safety and efficacy of LEVORAG\u00ae Emulgel in the treatment of acute and chronic anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2015;19:287\u201392.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-017-1664-2","volume":"21","author":"RL Nelson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nelson RL, Manuel D, Gumienny C, Spencer B, Patel K, Schmitt K, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of anal fissure. Techn Coloproctol. 2017;21:605\u201325.","journal-title":"Techn Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6452-1","volume":"45","author":"P Perrotti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perrotti P, Bove A, Antropoli C, Molino D, Antropoli M, Balzano A, et al. Topical nifedipine with lidocaine ointment vs. active control for treatment of chronic anal fissure: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1468\u201375.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2009.11680524","volume":"109","author":"B Sanei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sanei B, Mahmoodieh M, Masoudpour H. Comparison of topical glyceryl trinitrate with diltiazem ointment for the treatment of chronic anal fissure: a randomized clinical trial. Acta Chir Belg. 2009;109:727\u201330.","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"key":"384_CR298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2012.03042.x","volume":"15","author":"MS Sajid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sajid MS, Whitehouse PA, Sains P, Baig MK. Systematic review of the use of topical diltiazem compared with glyceryltrinitrate for the nonoperative management of chronic anal fissure. Color Dis. 2013;15:19\u201326.","journal-title":"Color Dis"},{"key":"384_CR299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.2014.924398","volume":"14","author":"G Brisinda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brisinda G, Bianco G, Silvestrini N, Maria G. Cost considerations in the treatment of anal fissures. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2014;14:511\u201325.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"384_CR300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2013.05.003","volume":"206","author":"V Agrawal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agrawal V, Kaushal G, Gupta R. Randomized controlled pilot trial of nifedipine as oral therapy vs. topical application in the treatment of fissure-in-ano. Am J Surg. 2013;206:748\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-010-0604-1","volume":"14","author":"G Gagliardi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gagliardi G, Pascariello A, Altomare DF, Arcan\u00e0 F, Cafaro D, La Torre F, et al. Optimal treatment duration of glyceryl trinitrate for chronic anal fissure: results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2010;14:241\u20138.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7411.354","volume":"327","author":"RL Nelson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nelson RL. Treatment of anal fissure. BMJ. 2003;327:354\u20135.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"384_CR303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5405.342","volume":"2","author":"JM Watts","year":"1964","unstructured":"Watts JM, Bennett RC, Goligher JC. Stretching of anal sphincters in treatment of fissure-in-ano. Br Med J. 1964;2:342\u20133.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"384_CR304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238595","volume":"36","author":"MB Nielsen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielsen MB, Rasmussen OO, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Risk of sphincter damage and anal incontinence after anal dilatation for fissure-in-ano. An endosonographic study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:677\u201380.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR305","first-page":"Cd002199","volume":"2011","author":"RL Nelson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nelson RL, Chattopadhyay A, Brooks W, Platt I, Paavana T, Earl S. Operative procedures for fissure in ano. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;2011:Cd002199.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"384_CR306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1335-0","volume":"52","author":"SM Ebinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ebinger SM, Hardt J, Warschkow R, Schmied BM, Herold A, Post S, et al. Operative and medical treatment of chronic anal fissures-a review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol. 2017;52:663\u201376.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"384_CR307","first-page":"228","volume":"28","author":"PH Gordon","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gordon PH, Vasilevsky CA. Symposium on outpatient anorectal procedures. Lateral internal sphincterotomy: rationale, technique and anesthesia. Can J Surg. 1985;28:228\u201330.","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555487","volume":"28","author":"WA Walker","year":"1985","unstructured":"Walker WA, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Morbidity of internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure and stenosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985;28:832\u20135.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02048108","volume":"35","author":"N Sohn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sohn N, Eisenberg MM, Weinstein MA, Lugo RN, Ader J. Precise anorectal sphincter dilatation--its role in the therapy of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;35:322\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-004-0062-8","volume":"8","author":"S Boschetto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boschetto S, Giovannone M, Tosoni M, Barberani F. Hydropneumatic anal dilation in conservative treatment of chronic anal fissure: clinical outcomes and randomized comparison with topical nitroglycerin. Tech Coloproctol. 2004;8:89\u201392 discussion -3.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0780-z","volume":"48","author":"A Renzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Renzi A, Brusciano L, Pescatori M, Izzo D, Napolitano V, Rossetti G, et al. Pneumatic balloon dilatation for chronic anal fissure: a prospective, clinical, endosonographic, and manometric study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:121\u20136.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9162-7","volume":"51","author":"A Renzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Renzi A, Izzo D, Di Sarno G, Talento P, Torelli F, Izzo G, et al. Clinical, manometric, and ultrasonographic results of pneumatic balloon dilatation vs. lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:121\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yucel T, Gonullu D, Oncu M, Koksoy FN, Ozkan SG, Aycan O. Comparison of controlled-intermittent anal dilatation and lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissures: a prospective, randomized study. Int J Surg. 2009;7:228\u201331.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2009.03.006"},{"key":"384_CR314","first-page":"103","volume":"72","author":"F Gaj","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaj F, Biviano I, Candeloro L. Low energy manual anal stretch: an approach in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Minerva Chir. 2017;72:103\u20137.","journal-title":"Minerva Chir"},{"key":"384_CR315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pinsk I, Czeiger D, Lichtman D, Reshef A. The long-term effect of standardized anal dilatation for chronic anal fissure on anal continence. Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(2):115\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3393\/ac.2020.03.16.","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2020.03.16"},{"key":"384_CR316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000100035","volume":"63","author":"D Dressler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dressler D, Saberi FA, Barbosa ER. Botulinum toxin: mechanisms of action. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005;63:180\u20135.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"384_CR317","first-page":"20","volume":"48","author":"I Othman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Othman I. Bilateral versus posterior injection of botulinum toxin in the internal anal sphincter for the treatment of acute anal fissure. S Afr J Surg. 2010;48:20\u20132.","journal-title":"S Afr J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-018-1821-2","volume":"22","author":"SA Pilkington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pilkington SA, Bhome R, Welch RE, Ku F, Warden C, Harris S, et al. Bilateral versus unilateral botulinum toxin injections for chronic anal fissure: a randomised trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2018;22:545\u201351.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000612","volume":"59","author":"JX Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin JX, Krishna S, Su'a B, Hill AG. Optimal dosing of botulinum toxin for treatment of chronic anal fissure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59:886\u201394.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"384_CR320","first-page":"349","volume":"34","author":"P Garg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garg P. Editorial comment on \u201ccould local antibiotics be included in the treatment of acute anal fissure?\u201d. Turk J Surg. 2018;34:349\u201350.","journal-title":"Turk J Surg"},{"key":"384_CR321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.5152\/turkjsurg.2018.3781","volume":"34","author":"B Karapolat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karapolat B. Could local antibiotics be included in the treatment of acute anal fissure? Turk J Surg. 2018;34:286\u20139.","journal-title":"Turk J Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"384_CR322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-010-0610-3","volume":"14","author":"E Karamanlis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karamanlis E, Michalopoulos A, Papadopoulos V, Mekras A, Panagiotou D, Ioannidis A, et al. Prospective clinical trial comparing sphincterotomy, nitroglycerin ointment and xylocaine\/lactulose combination for the treatment of anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol. 2010;14(Suppl 1):S21\u20133.","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"384_CR323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2014.01.009","volume":"37","author":"V Gupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta V, Rodrigues G, Prabhu R, Ravi C. Open versus closed lateral internal anal sphincterotomy in the management of chronic anal fissures: a prospective randomized study. Asian J Surg. 2014;37:178\u201383.","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Emergency Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00384-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00384-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00384-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T10:10:29Z","timestamp":1675678229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wjes.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00384-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":323,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-021-00384-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-7922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-7922","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"48"}}