{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:06:00Z","timestamp":1790096760069,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001011","name":"Joe W. and Dorothy Dorsett Brown Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-016-0488-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T12:05:26Z","timestamp":1480593926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Biological and functional evaluation of a novel pyrolytic carbon implant for the treatment of focal osteochondral defects in the medial femoral condyle: assessment in a canine model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Salkeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura P.","family":"Patron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan C.","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deryk G.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2010.03.003","volume":"24","author":"OS Schindler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schindler OS. (iv) Articular cartilage surgery in the knee. Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2010;24(2):107\u201320.","journal-title":"Orthopaedics and Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"488_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"JM Scopp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scopp JM, Mandelbaum BR. Osteochondral injury of the knee. Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 2005;2(3):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Sports Medicine"},{"key":"488_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199004000-00027","volume":"253","author":"MR Baumgaertner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baumgaertner MR, Cannon WD, Vittori JM, Schmidt ES, Maurer RC. Arthroscopic debridement of the arthritic knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;253:197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"488_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200301000-00003","volume":"85A","author":"GF Dervin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dervin GF, Stiell IG, Rody K, Grabowski J. Effect of arthroscopic debridement for osteoarthritis of the knee on health-related quality of life. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85A(1):10\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"488_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e31802fc18c","volume":"455","author":"P Siparsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Siparsky P, Ryzewicz M, Peterson B, Bartz R. Arthroscopic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;455:107\u201312. doi: 10.1097\/BLO.0b013e31802fc18c .","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198110000-00016","volume":"160","author":"NF Sprague","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sprague NF. Arthroscopic debridement for degenerative knee joint disease. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981;160:118\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02846","volume":"87","author":"K Mithoefer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mithoefer K, Williams RJ, Warren RF, Potter HG, Spock CR, Jones EC, Wickiewicz TL, Marx RG. The microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in the knee. A prospective cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(9):1911\u201320. doi: 10.2106\/JBJS.D.02846 .","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50112","volume":"19","author":"JR Steadman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Steadman JR, Briggs KK, Rodrigo JJ, Kocher MS, Gill TJ, Rodkey WG. Outcomes of microfracture for traumatic chondral defects of the knee: average 11-year follow-up. J Arthroscopic Rel Surg. 2003;19(5):477\u201384. doi: 10.1053\/jars.2003.50112 .","journal-title":"J Arthroscopic Rel Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"488_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.06.018","volume":"21","author":"R Gudas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gudas R, Kalesinskas RJ, Kimtys V, Stankevicius E, Toliusis V, Bernotavicius G, Smailys A. A prospective randomized clinical study of mosaic osteochondral autologous transplantation versus microfracture for the treatment of osteochondral defects in the knee joint in young athletes. J Arthro Rel Surg. 2005;21(9):1066\u201375. doi: 10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.06.018 .","journal-title":"J Arthro Rel Surg"},{"key":"488_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S328","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200110001-00030","volume":"391S","author":"L Hangody","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hangody L, Feczko P, Bartha L, Bodo G, Kish G. Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular defects of the knee and ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;391S:S328\u201336.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00131","volume":"96","author":"VK Aggarwal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aggarwal VK, Goyal N, Deirmengian G, Rangavajulla A, Parvizi J, Austin MS. Revision total knee arthroplasty in the young patient: is there trouble on the horizon? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:536\u201342. doi: 10.2106\/JBJS.M.00131 .","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"488_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199704000-00015","volume":"79","author":"DR Diduch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Diduch DR, Insall JN, Scott WN, Scuderi GR, Font-Rodriguez D. Total knee replacement in young, active patients: long-term follow-up and functional outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:572\u201382.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"488_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1536-9","volume":"469","author":"JA Keeny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keeny JA, Eunice S, Pashos G, Wright RW, Clohisy JC. What is the evidence for total knee arthroplasty in young patients? A systematic review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(2):574\u201383. doi: 10.1007\/s11999-010-1536-9 .","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"488_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3229-7","volume":"472","author":"J Parvizi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parvizi J, Nunley RM, Berend KR, Lombardi AV, Ruh EL, Clohisy JC, Hamilton WG, Valle CJD, Barrack RL. High level residual symptoms in young patients after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(1):133\u20137. doi: 10.1007\/s11999-013-3229-7 .","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"488_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19980915)41:4<534::AID-JBM4>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"41","author":"JS Kawalec","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kawalec JS, Hetherington VJ, Melillo TC, Corbin N. Evaluation of fibrocartilage regeneration and bone response at full-thickness cartilage defects in articulation with pyrolytic carbon or cobalt-chromium alloy hemiarthroplasties. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998;41:534\u201340.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"488_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20120","volume":"24","author":"CA Kirker-Head","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kirker-Head CA, Van Sickle DC, Ek SW, McCool JC. Safety of, and biological and functional response to, a novel metallic implant for the management of focal full-thickness cartilage defects: preliminary assessment in an animal model out to 1\u00a0year. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(5):1095\u2013108. doi: 10.1002\/jor.20120 .","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"488_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B6.13854","volume":"85","author":"K Ushio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ushio K, Oka M, Hyon SH, Yura S, Toguchida J, Nakamura T. Partial hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. An experimental study in the dog. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2003;85(6):922\u201330.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"issue":"8","key":"488_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.11.020","volume":"28","author":"EI Waldorff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waldorff EI, Roessler BJ, Zachos TA, Miller BS, McHugh J, Goldstein SA. Preclinical evaluation of a novel implant for treatment of a full-thickness distal femoral focal cartilage defect. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(8):1421\u20139. doi: 10.1016\/j.arth.2012.11.020 .","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"3","key":"488_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B3.8175846","volume":"76","author":"HC Amstutz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Amstutz HC, Grigoris P, Safran MR, Grecula MJ, Campbell PA, Schmalzried TP. Precision-fit surface hemiarthroplasty for femoral head osteonecrosis: long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1994;76(3):423\u20137.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"488_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.028","volume":"42","author":"L McCann","year":"2009","unstructured":"McCann L, Ingham E, Jin Z, Fisher J. An investigation of the effect of conformity of knee hemiarthroplasty designs on contact stress, friction and degeneration of articular cartilage: a tribological study. J Biomechanics. 2009;42:1326\u201331. doi: 10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.028 . Epub 2009 Apr 19.","journal-title":"J Biomechanics"},{"issue":"6","key":"488_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B6.2246303","volume":"72","author":"DW Murray","year":"1990","unstructured":"Murray DW, Rushton N. Macrophages stimulate bone resorption when they phagocytose particles. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1990;72(6):988\u201392.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"issue":"5","key":"488_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197456050-00012","volume":"56","author":"DT Reilly","year":"1974","unstructured":"Reilly DT, Burnstein AH. Review article. The mechanical properties of cortical bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(5):1001\u201322.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"488_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02584258","volume":"13","author":"BA Hills","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hills BA, Butler BD. Phospholipids identified on the pericardium and their ability to impart boundary lubrication. Ann Biomed Eng. 1985;13(6):573\u201386.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"488_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368318","volume":"23","author":"BA Hills","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hills BA. Remarkable anti-wear properties of joint surfactant. Ann Biomed Eng. 1995;23(2):112\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"488_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.2.143","volume":"37","author":"BA Hills","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hills BA, Monds MK. Deficiency of lubricating surfactant lining the articular surfaces of replaced hips and knees. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37(2):143\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"488_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200203000-00020","volume":"396","author":"B Purbach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Purbach B, Hills BA, Wroblewski BM. Surface-active phospholipid in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;396:115\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"488_CR27","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Biomaterials and Bioengineering Handbook","author":"S Cook","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cook S, Patron L, Salkeld SL, Klawitter JJ, Beckenbaugh RD. Pyrolytic carbon as an implant material for small joint replacement. In: Wise DL, editor. Biomaterials and Bioengineering Handbook. New York.: Marcel Dekker; 2000. p. 383\u201396."},{"issue":"2","key":"488_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198971020-00004","volume":"71","author":"SD Cook","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cook SD, Thomas KA, Kester MA. Wear characteristics of the canine acetabulum against different femoral prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1989;71(2):189\u201397.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"issue":"3","key":"488_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820170311","volume":"17","author":"SD Cook","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cook SD, Weinstein AM, Klawitter JJ, Kent JN. Quantitative histologic evaluation of LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide and uncoated aluminum oxide dental implants. J Biomed Mater Res. 1983;17(3):519\u201338. doi: 10.1002\/jbm.820170311 .","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"488_CR30","first-page":"201","volume":"20","author":"AD Haubold","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haubold AD. On the durability of pyrolytic carbon in vivo. Med Prog Technol. 1994;20(3-4):201\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Prog Technol"},{"key":"488_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198401000-00033","volume":"182","author":"RC Anderson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Anderson RC, Cook SD, Weinstein AM, Haddad Jr RJ. An evaluation of skeletal attachment to LTI pyrolytic carbon, porous titanium, and carbon-coated porous titanium implants. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;182:242\u201357.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"488_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199905000-00005","volume":"81","author":"SD Cook","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cook SD, Beckenbaugh RD, Redondo J, Popich LS, Klawitter JJ, Linscheid RL. Long-term follow-up of pyrolytic carbon metacarpophalangeal implants. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(5):635\u201348.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"488_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820190205","volume":"19","author":"KA Thomas","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thomas KA, Cook SD, Renz EA, Anderson RC, Haddad RJ, Haubold AD, Yapp R. The effect of surface treatments on the interface mechanics of LTI pyrolytic carbon implants. J Biomed Mater Res. 1985;19(2):145\u201359. doi: 10.1002\/jbm.820190205 .","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"key":"488_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2005.11.006","volume":"40","author":"LR Gale","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gale LR, Coller R, Hargreaves DJ, Hills BA, Crawford R. The role of SAPL as a boundary lubricant in prosthetic joints. Tribol Int. 2007;40:601\u20136.","journal-title":"Tribol Int"},{"key":"488_CR35","unstructured":"Gale LR. Biotribological assessment for artificial synovial joints: the role of boundary lubrication. 2007. http:\/\/eprints.qut.edu.au\/29159\/3\/Lorne_Gale_Thesis.pdf . Accessed 31 May 2016."},{"issue":"5","key":"488_CR36","first-page":"407","volume":"44","author":"M Paradis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Paradis M, Sauve F, Charest J, Refsal KR, Moreau M, Dupuis J. Effects of moderate to severe osteoarthritis on canine thyroid function. Can Vet J. 2003;44(5):407\u201312.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"488_CR37","first-page":"10","volume":"4","author":"P Mainil-Varlet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mainil-Varlet P, Aigner T, Bullough P, Hollander A, Hunziker E, Kandel R, Nehrer S, Pritzker K, Roberts S, Stauffer E. The International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS)\u2014Histological Visual Scale. A preliminary report of the histological end point committee. I Human biopsies, Toronto consensus. Euro Cells and Mater. 2002;4(Suppl1):10.","journal-title":"Euro Cells and Mater"},{"key":"488_CR38","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Handbook of biological statistics","author":"JH McDonald","year":"2014","unstructured":"McDonald JH. Handbook of biological statistics. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Sparky House Publishing; 2014. p. 157\u201364.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"488_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.10.009","volume":"18","author":"RJH Custers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Custers RJH, Dhert WJA, Saris DBF, Verbout AJ, van Rijen MHP, Mastbergen SC, Lafeber FPJG, Creemers LB. Cartilage degeneration in the goat knee caused by treating localized cartilage defects with metal implants. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18(3):377\u201388. doi: 10.1016\/j.joca.2009.10.009 . Epub 2009 Oct 23.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"11","key":"488_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018579605426","volume":"8","author":"P Thomsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thomsen P, Larsson C, Ericson LE, Sennerby L, Lausmaa J, Kasemo B. Structure of the interface between rabbit cortical bone and implants of gold, zirconium and titanium. J Mater Sci Med. 1997;8(11):653\u201365.","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"488_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.02.007","volume":"15","author":"RJH Custers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Custers RJH, Dhert WJA, van Rijen MHP, Verbout AJ, Creemers LB, Saris DBF. Articular damage caused by metal plugs in a rabbit model for treatment of localized cartilage defects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15(8):937\u201345. doi: 10.1016\/j.joca.2007.02.007 . Epub 2007 Mar 21.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"488_CR42","unstructured":"Cook SD, Anderson RC, Thomas KA, Kester MA, Haddad RJ. Articular response to implant material modulus and method of fixation, presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biomaterials. Mount Laurel: Society for Biomaterials; 1985. p. 90."},{"key":"488_CR43","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Biocompatibility of clinical implant materials","author":"AD Haubold","year":"1981","unstructured":"Haubold AD, Shim HS, Bokros JC. Carbon in medical devices. In: Williams DF, editor. Biocompatibility of clinical implant materials, vol. 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1981. p. 3\u201342."}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-016-0488-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T21:17:31Z","timestamp":1657919851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/josr-online.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13018-016-0488-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-016-0488-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-799X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-799X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"article-number":"155"}}