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One hundred eighty-four of them were farmers with a long history of heavy shoulder loading for over 20\u2009years in their young age, while others were office workers with no reported long-term shoulder loading history. The following parameters were measured by three researchers independently and then analyzed statistically: thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), T9 sagittal offset (T9SO), T1 sagittal offset (T1SO), sacral slope (SS), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), C7 tilt (C7T), spino-pelvic angle (SSA), and sagittal vertical axis (SVA).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The \u201cLoading group\u201d included 86 males and 98 females with average age 73.3 (SD 8.3) years, whereas the \u201cNon-loading group\u201d included 126 males and 153 females with average age 63.7 (SD 14.1) years. Age was significantly higher in the loading group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), but gender, height, weight, BMI, and BMD were not significantly different (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). The following spino-pelvic parameters were significantly greater (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) in the loading group: TK (mean 39.1\u00b0 vs 32.8\u00b0), TLK (25.8\u00b0 vs 10.1\u00b0), and T9SO (12.2\u00b0 vs 10.1\u00b0). Other values were not significantly different between the two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Long-term shoulder loading in youth is a risk factor for pathological thoracic kyphosis especially in the lower thoracic spinal segments when farmers getting older.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01698-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T10:02:28Z","timestamp":1590746548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The influence of long-term shoulder loading on sagittal spino-pelvic morphology: a population-based retrospective study of Chinese farmers from radiology"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xuyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiasheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunwu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2945-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengdong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1698_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-009-0637-3","volume":"97","author":"C Niemitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niemitz C. 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Patients or their family members agreed to our study and signed the informed consents.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors state that we have no competing of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"196"}}