{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:24:59Z","timestamp":1772166299573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To manage patellofemoral joint disorders, a complete understanding of the in vivo patellofemoral kinematics is critical. However, as one of the parameters of joint kinematics, the location and orientation of the patellofemoral finite helical axis (FHA) remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to quantify the location and orientation of the patellar FHA, both in vivo and non-invasively at various flexion angles, and evaluate the relationship of the FHA and the trans-epicondylar axis (TEA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The magnetic resonance (MR) images of 18 unilateral knees were collected at full extension, 30\u00b0, 60\u00b0, 90\u00b0, and maximum angle of knee flexion. Three-dimensional models of the knee joint at different flexion angles were created using the MR images, and then used to calculate the patellar tracking and FHA with a spline interpolation algorithm. By using a coordinate system based on the TEA, the FHA tracking was quantified. Six parameters concerning the location and orientation of the patellar FHA were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average patellar FHA drew an L-shaped tracking on the midsagittal plane moving from the posteroinferior to the anterosuperior side of the TEA with knee flexion. Before 90\u00b0 flexion, the patellar rotational radius decreased slightly, with an average value of 5.65 \u00b1 1.09 cm. During 20\u00b0 to 90\u00b0 knee flexion, the average angle between the patellar FHA and the TEA was approximately 10\u00b0 and that between the FHA and the coronal plane was maintained at about 0\u00b0, while that between the FHA and the level plane fluctuated between \u2212\u200910\u00b0 and 10\u00b0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study quantitatively reported the continuous location and direction of the patellar FHA during knee flexion. The patellar FHA was close to but not coincident with the femoral TEA both in location and orientation, and the patellar rotational radius decreased slightly with knee flexion. These findings could provide a clear direction for further studies on the difference in patellofemoral FHA among various types of patellofemoral disorders, and provide a foundation for the application of FHA in surgical evaluation, preoperative planning and prosthesis design, thereby assisting in the diagnosis and treatment of patellofemoral disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02328-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T03:03:11Z","timestamp":1616554991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship between patellofemoral finite helical axis and femoral trans-epicondylar axis using a static magnetic resonance-based methodology"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhenguo","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7231-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519889623","volume":"48","author":"A Hott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hott A, Brox JI, Pripp AH, Juel NG, Liavaag S. Predictors of pain, function, and change in patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:351\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med."},{"key":"2328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.04.028","volume":"105","author":"S Putma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Putma S, Boureau F, Girar J, Migaud H, Pasquier G. Patellar complications after total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2019;105:S43\u201351.","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res."},{"key":"2328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Esfandiarpour F, Lebrun CM, Dhillon S, Boulanger P. In-vivo patellar tracking in individuals with patellofemoral pain and healthy individuals. J Orthop Res. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jor.23887.","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23887"},{"key":"2328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19690","volume":"319","author":"J Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin J, Jones E. Patellofemoral pain. JAMA. 2018;319:418.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2014.11.006","volume":"22","author":"AE Kedgley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kedgley AE, McWalter EJ, Wilson DR. The effect of coordinate system variation on in vivo patellofemoral kinematic measures. Knee. 2015;22:88\u201394.","journal-title":"Knee."},{"key":"2328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu Z, Yao J, Wang X, Xin X, Zhang K, Cai H, et al. Research methods and progress of patellofemoral joint kinematics: a review. J Healthc Eng. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/9159267.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9159267"},{"key":"2328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.04.006","volume":"40","author":"FT Sheehan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sheehan FT. The finite helical axis of the knee joint (a non-invasive in vivo study using fast-PC MRI). J Biomech. 2007;40:1038\u201347.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"2328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.03.018","volume":"65","author":"S Konda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Konda S, Tomita T, Yamazaki T, Oda K, Nakajima M, Nakane K, et al. Comparison of finite helical axes of normal and anatomically designed prosthetic knees. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2019;65:57\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"2328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21051","volume":"28","author":"F Iranpour","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iranpour F, Merican AM, Baena FRY, Cobb JP, Amis AA. Patellofemoral joint kinematics: the circular path of the patella around the trochlear axis. J Orthop Res. 2010;28:589\u201394.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"key":"2328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(03)00449-2","volume":"18","author":"KM Coughlin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Coughlin KM, Incavo SJ, Churhill DL, Beynnon BD. Tibial axis and patellar position relative to the femoral epicondylar axis during squatting. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:1048\u201355.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty."},{"key":"2328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2018.07.018","volume":"62","author":"J Yao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yao J, Yang B, Wang Y, Fan Y. Patella tracking calculation from patellofemoral positions at finite angles of knee flexion. Med Eng Phys. 2018;62:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys."},{"key":"2328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.08.014","volume":"36","author":"J Yao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yao J, Yang B, Niu W, Zhou J, Wang Y, Gong H, et al. In vivo measurements of patellar tracking and finite helical axis using a static magnetic resonance based methodology. Med Eng Phys. 2014;36:1611\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys."},{"key":"2328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2004.08.005","volume":"20","author":"T Asano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Asano T, Akagi M, Nakamura T. The functional flexion-extension axis of the knee corresponds to the surgical epicondylar axis: in vivo analysis using a biplanar image-matching technique. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:1060\u20137.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty."},{"key":"2328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3803","volume":"42","author":"NE Lankhorst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lankhorst NE, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, van Middelkoop M. Risk factors for patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42:81\u201394.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther."},{"key":"2328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.018","volume":"41","author":"AJ van den Bogert","year":"2008","unstructured":"van den Bogert AJ, Reinschmidt C, Lundberg A. Helical axes of skeletal knee joint motion during running. J Biomech. 2008;41:1632\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"2328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2009.12.014","volume":"18","author":"RM Greiwe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Greiwe RM, Saifi C, Ahmad C, Gardner TR. Anatomy and biomechanics of patellar instability. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2010;18:62\u20137.","journal-title":"Oper Tech Sports Med."},{"key":"2328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-017-3501-8","volume":"47","author":"SF Fucentese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fucentese SF. Patellofemoral instability. Orthopade. 2018;47:77\u201386.","journal-title":"Orthopade."},{"key":"2328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05588-y","volume":"28","author":"P Kaiser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaiser P, Loth F, Attal R, Kummann M, Schuster P, Riechelmann F, et al. Static patella tilt and axial engagement in knee extension are mainly influenced by knee torsion, the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance (TTTG), and trochlear dysplasia but not by femoral or tibial torsion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020;28:952\u20139.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc."},{"key":"2328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2017.08.061","volume":"7","author":"MS Laidlaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laidlaw MS, Feeley SM, Ruland JR, Diduch DR. Sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar instability. Arthrosc Tech. 2018;7:e113\u201323.","journal-title":"Arthrosc Tech."},{"key":"2328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2004.08.006","volume":"12","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang CJ, Chan YS, Chen HH, Wu ST. Factors affecting the outcome of distal realignment for patellofemoral disorders of the knee. Knee. 2005;12:195\u2013200.","journal-title":"Knee."},{"key":"2328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du Z, Chen S, Yan M, Yue B, Zeng Y, Wang Y. Do size, shape, and alignment parameters of the femoral condyle affect the trochlear groove tracking? a morphometric study based on 3D-computed tomography models in Chinese people. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-016-1374-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1374-3"},{"key":"2328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20268","volume":"24","author":"AA Amis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amis AA, Senavongse W, Bull AMJ. Patellofemoral kinematics during knee flexion-extension: an in vitro study. J Orthop Res. 2006;24:2201\u201311.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"key":"2328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.041","volume":"42","author":"AM Merican","year":"2009","unstructured":"Merican AM, Amis AA. Iliotibial band tension affects patellofemoral and tibiofemoral kinematics. J Biomech. 2009;42:1539\u201346.","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"2328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20554","volume":"26","author":"KW Nha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nha KW, Papannagari R, Gill TJ, Van de Velde SK, Freiberg AA, Rubash HE, et al. In vivo patellar tracking: clinical motions and patellofemoral indices. J Orthop Res. 2008;26:1067\u201374.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.05.020","volume":"105","author":"F Remy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Remy F. Surgical technique in patellofemoral arthroplasty. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2019;105(Suppl 1):S165\u201376.","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02328-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02328-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02328-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T03:05:23Z","timestamp":1616555123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/josr-online.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02328-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02328-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-135789\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1749-799X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-799X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol for the study project has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University International Hospital (Approval number: YJ2017-020). All subjects received an oral and written explanation of the study and signed the informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"212"}}