{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:02:24Z","timestamp":1790665344581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC1102003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1102003"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFB0702604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0702604"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019014","name":"Chengdu science and technology project","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017-CY02-00032-GX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-CY02-00032-GX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81801852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81801852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is to describe the design and surgical techniques of three- dimensional-printed porous implants for proximal giant cell tumors of bone and evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From December 2016 to April 2020, 8 patients with giant cell tumor of bone in the proximal tibia underwent intralesional curettage of the tumor and reconstruction with bone grafting and three-dimensional-printed porous implant. Detailed anatomy data were measured, including the size of lesion and thickness of the subchondral bone. Prostheses were custom-made for each patient by our team. All patients were evaluated regularly and short-term clinical outcomes were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean follow-up period was 26 months. According to the different defect sizes, the mean size of the plate and mean length of strut were 35 \u00d7 35 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The mean affected subchondral bone percentage was 31.5%. The average preoperative and postoperative thickness of the subchondral bone was 2.1 mm and 11.1 mm, respectively. There was no wound infection, skin necrosis, peroneal nerve injury, or other surgical related complications. No degeneration of the knee joint was found. Osseointegration was observed in all patients. The MSTS improved from an average of 12 preoperatively to 28 postoperatively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The application of three-dimensional-printed printed porous prosthesis combined autograft could supply enough mechanical support and enhance bone ingrowth. The design and operation management lead to satisfactory subchondral bone reconstruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02446-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T08:03:31Z","timestamp":1619683411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Three-dimensional-printed porous implant combined with autograft reconstruction for giant cell tumor in proximal tibia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minxun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongqi","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01922","volume":"94","author":"X Niu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niu X, Zhang Q, Hao L, Ding Y, Li Y, Xu H, et al. Giant cell tumor of the extremity: retrospective analysis of 621 Chinese patients from one institution. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(5):461\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.J.01922.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"5","key":"2446_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197005)25:5<1061::AID-CNCR2820250509>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"25","author":"DC Dahlin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Dahlin DC, Cupps RE, Johnson EW Jr. Giant-cell tumor: a study of 195 cases. Cancer. 1970;25(5):1061\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(197005)25:5<1061::AID-CNCR2820250509>3.0.CO;2-E.","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"issue":"2","key":"2446_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-21-02-118","volume":"21","author":"KA Raskin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raskin KA, Schwab JH, Mankin HJ, Springfield DS, Hornicek FJ. Giant cell tumor of bone. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2013;21(2):118\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-21-02-118.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2446_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-009-9125-8","volume":"5","author":"M Abdelrahman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdelrahman M, Bassiony AA, Shalaby H, Assal MK. Cryosurgery and impaction subchondral bone graft for the treatment of giant cell tumor around the knee. HSS J. 2009;5(2):123\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11420-009-9125-8.","journal-title":"HSS J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2446_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0190-z","volume":"30","author":"K Szalay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Szalay K, Antal I, Kiss J, Szendroi M. Comparison of the degenerative changes in weight-bearing joints following cementing or grafting techniques in giant cell tumour patients: medium-term results. Int Orthop. 2006;30(6):505\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-006-0190-z.","journal-title":"Int Orthop."},{"issue":"11","key":"2446_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0913-8","volume":"467","author":"MA Ayerza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ayerza MA, Aponte-Tinao LA, Farfalli GL, Restrepo CA, Muscolo DL. Joint preservation after extensive curettage of knee giant cell tumors. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467(11):2845\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-009-0913-8.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2446_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0b013e3182640f1a","volume":"23","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Sabui KK, Chatterjee R, Das AK, Mondal J, Pal DK. Sandwich reconstruction technique for subchondral giant cell tumors around the knee. Curr Orthop Pract. 2012;23(5):8.","journal-title":"Curr Orthop Pract"},{"key":"2446_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu M, Yao S, Xie Y, Yan F, Deng Z, Lei J, et al. A novel subchondral bone-grafting procedure for the treatment of giant-cell tumor around the knee. Medicine. 2018;97(45):e13154.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013154"},{"key":"2446_CR9","first-page":"245","volume":"321","author":"SA Bini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bini SA, Gill K, Johnston JO. Giant cell tumor of bone. Curettage and cement reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1995;321:245\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2446_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-016-0394-y","volume":"17","author":"J Ruskin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruskin J, Caravaggi P, Beebe KS, Corgan S, Chen L, Yoon RS, et al. Steinmann pin augmentation versus locking plate constructs. J Orthop Traumatol. 2016;17(3):249\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10195-016-0394-y.","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2446_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675815","volume":"32","author":"C Montgomery","year":"2019","unstructured":"Montgomery C, Couch C, Emory CL, Nicholas R. Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Review of Current Literature, Evaluation, and Treatment Options. J Knee Surg. 2019;32(4):331\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0038-1675815.","journal-title":"J Knee Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2446_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-019-0491-y","volume":"19","author":"M Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu M, Wang J, Tang F, Min L, Zhou Y, Zhang W, et al. A three-dimensional printed porous implant combined with bone grafting following curettage of a subchondral giant cell tumour of the proximal tibia: a case report. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-019-0491-y.","journal-title":"BMC Surg."},{"issue":"21","key":"2446_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.217093","volume":"130","author":"K Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng K, Yu XC, Hu YC, Wang Z, Wu SJ, Ye ZM, et al. How to Fill the Cavity after Curettage of Giant Cell Tumors around the Knee? A Multicenter Analysis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2017;130(21):2541\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0366-6999.217093.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2446_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.7507\/1002-1892.201711040","volume":"32","author":"X Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding X, Liu X, Chen J, Chen S. Research progress of porous tantalum in bone tissue engineering. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018;32(6):753\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7507\/1002-1892.201711040.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi."},{"key":"2446_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.07.015","volume":"75","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Frith JE, Dehghan-Manshadi A, Attar H, Kent D, Soro NDM, et al. Mechanical properties and biocompatibility of porous titanium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;75:169\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.07.015.","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2446_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-004-0613-7","volume":"29","author":"TH Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen TH, Su YP, Chen WM. Giant cell tumors of the knee: subchondral bone integrity affects the outcome. Int Orthop. 2005;29(1):30\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-004-0613-7.","journal-title":"Int Orthop."},{"key":"2446_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199301000-00035","volume":"286","author":"WF Enneking","year":"1993","unstructured":"Enneking WF, Dunham W, Gebhardt MC, Malawar M, Pritchard DJ. A system for the functional evaluation of reconstructive procedures after surgical treatment of tumors of the musculoskeletal system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;286:241\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2446_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494","volume":"16","author":"JH Kellgren","year":"1957","unstructured":"Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;16(4):494\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.16.4.494.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2446_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2009.09.002","volume":"36","author":"C Errani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Errani C, Ruggieri P, Asenzio MA, Toscano A, Colangeli S, Rimondi E, et al. Giant cell tumor of the extremity: A review of 349 cases from a single institution. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2009.09.002.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2446_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4755-x","volume":"475","author":"J Benevenia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benevenia J, Rivero SM, Moore J, Ippolito JA, Siegerman DA, Beebe KS, et al. Supplemental bone grafting in giant cell tumor of the extremity reduces nononcologic complications. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(3):776\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-016-4755-x.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2446_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760200033","volume":"7","author":"T Wada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wada T, Kaya M, Nagoya S, Kawaguchi S, Isu K, Yamashita T, et al. Complications associated with bone cementing for the treatment of giant cell tumors of bone. J Orthop Sci. 2002;7(2):194\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007760200033.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2446_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34845","volume":"102","author":"ES Sanzana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanzana ES, Navarro M, Ginebra MP, Planell JA, Ojeda AC, Montecinos HA. Role of porosity and pore architecture in the in vivo bone regeneration capacity of biodegradable glass scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014;102(6):1767\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.a.34845.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A."},{"key":"2446_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.249","volume":"77","author":"C Torres-Sanchez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torres-Sanchez C, Al Mushref FRA, Norrito M, Yendall K, Liu Y, Conway PP. The effect of pore size and porosity on mechanical properties and biological response of porous titanium scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;77:219\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.249.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl."},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"2446_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2161-0","volume":"23","author":"M Mahjoub","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mahjoub M, Berenbaum F, Houard X. Why subchondral bone in osteoarthritis? The importance of the cartilage bone interface in osteoarthritis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23(Suppl 8):S841\u20136.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"2446_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3939-2","volume":"43","author":"W Teng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teng W, Lin P, Li Y, Yan X, Li H, Li B, et al. Bone combined cement grafting in giant cell tumor around the knee reduces mechanical failure. Int Orthop. 2019;43(2):475\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-018-3939-2.","journal-title":"Int Orthop."}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02446-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02446-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02446-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]],"date-time":"2022-12-25T20:57:58Z","timestamp":1672001878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/josr-online.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02446-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-021-02446-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-799X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-799X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2008 and was authorized by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital. All patients or their families signed the informed consent form before surgery and provided consent to publish and report individual clinical data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"286"}}