{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:16:21Z","timestamp":1775060181227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fracture of the medial malleolus is one of the most frequent injuries treated surgically; however, the classification of the fracture has not attracted much attention and a good classification system is still lacking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Consecutive cases of medial malleolus fractures were prospectively enrolled. Based on the 3-D reconstruction CT morphology and centered on the posterior colliculus of the medial malleolus, we classified the fractures into 4 types: type 1 with no involvement of the posterior colliculus, type 2 with partial involvement of posterior colliculus, type 3 with the entire involvement of posterior colliculus, and type 4 with the fracture line 4 vertically extended from the intercollicular groove to the comminuted fracture of the posterior malleolus. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the clinical significance of the classification.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There were 273 cases prospectively enrolled. The distribution of the cases was type 1 of 12.1%, type 2 of 41.0%, type 3 of 30.0%, and type 4 of 16.8%. Statistics\u00a0showed that the new classification had significant associations but did not totally depend on the classical ankle fracture classifications. Results showed that the new classification had implications in the severity of ankle fractures. From type 1 to type 4, the ankle joint was more and more unstable. Furthermore, comminuted medial malleolar fractures could be subdivided, and the new classification could provide useful information for surgical decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The novel classification was a useful system to describe the 3-D geometry of the fractured medial malleolus.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02688-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1630130543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A novel classification for medial malleolar fracture based on the 3-D reconstruction CT"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fangke","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoyun","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haijing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3021-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinquan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20161213-02","volume":"40","author":"NA Kusnezov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kusnezov NA, Eisenstein ED, Diab N, Thabet AM, Abdelgawad A. Medial malleolar fractures and associated deltoid ligament disruptions: current management controversies. Orthopedics. 2017;40(2):e216\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01477447-20161213-02.","journal-title":"Orthopedics."},{"issue":"4","key":"2688_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199504000-00032","volume":"38","author":"MC Skie","year":"1995","unstructured":"Skie MC, Ebraheim NA, Woldenberg L, Randall K. Fracture of the anterior colliculus. J Trauma. 1995;38(4):642\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005373-199504000-00032.","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"issue":"5","key":"2688_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.101B5.BJJ-2019-0070","volume":"101-B","author":"TH Carter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter TH, Duckworth AD, White TO. Medial malleolar fractures: current treatment concepts. 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Written consents were obtained from all the patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"538"}}