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Outcome was evaluated using the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and Patient Health Questionnaire 9, collected at baseline as well as one week (W1), W2, W3, W4 and W12 after baseline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All scores showed a statistically significant improvement over time. The PSEQ and NRS scores showed a significant Time\u2009\u00d7\u2009Treatment effect. Patients treated with rESWT had significantly lower mean NRS values than patients treated with rESWT\u2009+\u2009C\u2009+\u2009E at W1 and W3, as well as than patients treated with C\u2009+\u2009E alone at W3 and W4. No severe adverse events were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>rESWT may not be inferior to respectively rESWT\u2009+\u2009C\u2009+\u2009E or C\u2009+\u2009E alone in reducing pain in patients with cnsLBP. Level of Evidence: Level I, prospective, randomized, active-controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      : Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT03337607. Registered November 09, 2017,\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03337607\">https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03337607<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level I; prospective, randomized, controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02848-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]],"date-time":"2021-12-04T07:02:59Z","timestamp":1638601379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Efficacy and safety of treating chronic nonspecific low back pain with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT), rESWT combined with celecoxib and eperisone (C\u2009+\u2009E) or C\u2009+\u2009E alone: a prospective, randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuejiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyou","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0962-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9814","key":"2848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60610-7","volume":"379","author":"F Balagu\u00e9","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balagu\u00e9 F, Mannion AF, Pellis\u00e9 F, Cedraschi C. 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The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT03337607). We have obtained consent for publication from all patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study was performed with the radial extracorporeal shock wave device Swiss DolorClast, which was invented and is manufactured and distributed by Electro Medical Systems (Nyon, Switzerland). CS has received research funding at LMU Munich and consulted (until December 31st, 2017) for Electro Medical Systems. However, Electro Medical Systems had no role in\n                      \n                      , data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"705"}}