{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T21:17:20Z","timestamp":1793999840975,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018YFC0116500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0116500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation Fund for Overseas and Hong Kong and Macao Scholars Joint Research Project","award":["81828007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81828007"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Transformational Medicine Cross-Research Fund of Shanghai Jiaotong University","award":["ZH2018ZDB04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH2018ZDB04"]}]},{"name":"Sun Yat-Sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program","award":["2012003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most prevalent type of scoliosis affecting children between the ages of 10\u201316\u00a0years. However, risk factors for AIS, particularly the modifiable ones, are still largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the associations of lifestyle and social environment factors with AIS in Chinese schoolchildren.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a matched case\u2013control study based on survey data collected from school-based scoliosis screening program. We used conditional logistic regression models to describe the relative risk of AIS incidence for each variable in the analyses. To examine the independent effect of each factor on developing AIS, a multivariate conditional logistic regression was conducted and odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for age and other significant variables.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, 2538 participants from 49 schools were included in this study, comprising 1269 AIS cases and 1269 controls. Mean age of the study population was 13.4\u00a0years\u2009\u00b1\u20091.06 (range 10\u201318). One thousand five hundred and fifty (61.1%) of the study subjects were girls. After adjusting for other significant factors, inappropriate desk heights, either too low (OR\u2009=\u20091.40, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.90) or too high (OR\u2009=\u20091.61, 95% CI 1.09\u20132.38), standing with anterior pelvic tilt (OR\u2009=\u20092.73, 95% CI 1.41\u20135.28), and sleeping on the right side (OR\u2009=\u20091.38, 95% CI 1.00\u20131.91), remained associated with elevated AIS risks. In contrast, sitting normally and classroom sitting positions change regularly were associated with lower odds of AIS. The adjusted ORs were 0.69 (95% CI 0.50\u20130.96) for sitting normally, and 0.72 (95% CI 0.53\u20130.98) for sitting positions change.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first study to address the associations between desk heights and AIS and showed inappropriate desk heights were related to increased AIS risks. To protect school children from developing AIS, stakeholders are advised to consider introducing height-adjustable desks in the class, changing students\u2019 sitting positions in the classroom on a regular basis, and implementing educational programs to help students maintain correct sitting postures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03366-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T04:28:42Z","timestamp":1667104122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Postural habits and lifestyle factors associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in China: results from a big case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jingfan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sizhe","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqing","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-197603000-00008","volume":"1","author":"Terminology Committee of the Scoliosis Research Society","year":"1976","unstructured":"Terminology Committee of the Scoliosis Research Society. A glossary of scoliosis terms. Spine. 1976;1(1):57\u20138.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"JC Cheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1(1):1\u201321.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"3366_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","volume":"371","author":"SL Weinstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JCY, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371:11.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000664","volume":"40","author":"H Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang H, Guo C, Tang M, et al. Prevalence of scoliosis among primary and middle school students in Mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40(1):41\u20139.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"3366_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy268","volume":"48","author":"JH Tobias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tobias JH, Fairbank J, Harding I, Taylor HJ, Clark EM. Association between physical activity and scoliosis: a prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;48:1152\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0462-7","volume":"7","author":"AJ Danielsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Danielsson AJ. Natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a tool for guidance in decision of surgery of curves above 50 degrees. J Child Orthop. 2013;7(1):37\u201341.","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"3366_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.25.4.451","volume":"25","author":"J Bjure","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bjure J, Grimby G, Kasalicky J, Lindh M, Son AN. Respiratory impairment and airway closure in patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis. Thorax. 1970;25:451\u20136.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"3366_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.29312","volume":"16","author":"AM Zaydman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaydman AM, Strokova EL, Stepanova AO, Laktionov PP, Shevchenko AI, Subbotin VM. A new look at causal factors of idiopathic scoliosis: altered expression of genes controlling chondroitin sulfate sulfation and corresponding changes in protein synthesis in vertebral body growth plates. Int J Med Sci. 2019;16(2):221\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"3366_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103684","volume":"53","author":"W Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li W, Li Y, Zhang L, et al. AKAP2 identified as a novel gene mutated in a Chinese family with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Med Genet. 2016;53(7):488\u201393.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-259","volume":"13","author":"R Nowak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nowak R, Szota J, Mazurek U. Vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) transcripts in bone, cartilage, muscles and blood and microarray analysis of vitamin D responsive genes expression in paravertebral muscles of juvenile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13(1):259.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"3366_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2207","volume":"29","author":"EM Clark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clark EM, Taylor HJ, Harding I, et al. Association between components of body composition and scoliosis: a prospective cohort study reporting differences identifiable before the onset of scoliosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(8):1729\u201336.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3366_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378877","volume":"98","author":"S Willner","year":"1981","unstructured":"Willner S, Johnell O. Study of biochemical and hormonal data in idiopathic scoliosis in girls. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1981;98(4):251\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3366_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.03.025","volume":"65","author":"RM Castelein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Castelein RM, van Dieen JH, Smit TH. The role of dorsal shear forces in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis\u2013a hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(3):501\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"4","key":"3366_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00459","volume":"99","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Michikawa T, Yonezawa I, et al. Physical activities and lifestyle factors related to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99(4):284\u201394.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"3366_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.027","volume":"95","author":"B Longworth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Longworth B, Fary R, Hopper D. Prevalence and predictors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent ballet dancers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(9):1725\u201330.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"3366_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2017.01.013","volume":"5","author":"T Lara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lara T, Astur N, Jones TL, et al. The risk of curve progression and surgery in African Americans with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Deform. 2017;5(4):250\u20134.","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"6","key":"3366_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2098","volume":"48","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Wu X, Dang Y, Yang Y, Reinhardt JD, Dang Y. Prevalence and determinants of idiopathic scoliosis in primary school children in Beitang district, Wuxi, China. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(6):547\u201353.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3366_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001197","volume":"41","author":"H Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan H, Huang Z, Wang Q, et al. Prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese schoolchildren: a large, population-based study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016;41(3):259\u201364.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"12","key":"3366_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13121227","volume":"13","author":"AM Contardo Ayala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Contardo Ayala AM, Salmon J, Timperio A, et al. Impact of an 8-month trial using height-adjustable desks on children\u2019s classroom sitting patterns and markers of cardio-metabolic and musculoskeletal health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(12):1227.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3366_CR20","first-page":"6","volume":"35","author":"NQ Song","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song NQ, Yang X. A quantitative analysis of the heavy course load of Chinese primary and secondary school students. Educ Res. 2014;35(3):6.","journal-title":"Educ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3366_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-141901","volume":"51","author":"J Drza-Grabiec","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drza-Grabiec J, Snela S, Rykala J, Podgorska J, Rachwal M. Effects of the sitting position on the body posture of children aged 11 to 13 years. Work. 2015;51(4):855\u201362.","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162284","volume":"54","author":"B Minghelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minghelli B, Oliveira R, Nunes C. Postural habits and weight of backpacks of Portuguese adolescents: Are they associated with scoliosis and low back pain? Work. 2016;54(1):197\u2013208.","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"6","key":"3366_CR23","first-page":"10","volume":"10","author":"ME McMaster","year":"2015","unstructured":"McMaster ME, Lee AJ, Burwell RG. Physical activities of Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): preliminary longitudinal case-control study historical evaluation of possible risk factors. Scoliosis. 2015;10(6):10.","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.09.024","volume":"166","author":"F Zaina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaina F, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Negrini S. Swimming and spinal deformities: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):163\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"3366_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3109\/01942638.2012.747582","volume":"33","author":"C Fortin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fortin C, Ehrmann Feldman D, Cheriet F, Labelle H. Differences in standing and sitting postures of youth with idiopathic scoliosis from quantitative analysis of digital photographs. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2013;33(3):313\u201326.","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3366_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2010.12.006","volume":"98","author":"C Fortin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fortin C, Feldman DE, Cheriet F, Gravel D, Gauthier F, Labelle H. Reliability of a quantitative clinical posture assessment tool among persons with idiopathic scoliosis. Physiotherapy. 2012;98(1):64\u201375.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"19","key":"3366_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E988","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cd2cd2","volume":"35","author":"C Fortin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fortin C, Feldman D, Cheriet F, Labelle H. Validity of a quantitative clinical measurement tool of trunk posture in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2010;35(19):E988-994.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3366_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.12.018","volume":"68","author":"A Agustsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agustsson A, Gislason MK, Ingvarsson P, Rodby-Bousquet E, Sveinsson T. Validity and reliability of an iPad with a three-dimensional camera for posture imaging. Gait Posture. 2019;68:357\u201362.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-022-03366-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13018-022-03366-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-022-03366-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T04:33:58Z","timestamp":1667104438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/josr-online.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13018-022-03366-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-022-03366-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-799X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-799X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine waived the need for ethics approval for the collection, analysis and publication of the retrospectively obtained survey data for this non-interventional study. This study involving human participants was in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"472"}}