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The inclusion criteria were as follow: (1) 48\u201380\u00a0years old; (2) the diagnose of KOA; (3) the grade 2 and 3 of the Kellgern\u2013Lawrence grading scale; (4) the pain, crepitation, and knee joint stiffness continuing for 3 months at least. The main exclusion criteria were as follow: (1) any infection involving the knee skin; (2) history of any Influencing factors of disease. All patients were divided into three groups and received either IG, PG and I\u2009+\u2009PG under the ultrasound guidance and the 2, 4 and 8\u00a0weeks follow-up data of patients were available. (IG n\u2009=\u200920 or PG n\u2009=\u200920, I\u2009+\u2009PG n\u2009=\u200920). Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), The Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the pressure pain threshold (PPT) were used as outcome measures at baseline, 2, 4 and 8\u00a0weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were no statistically significant differences in terms of age, sex, BMI, duration of current condition and baseline assessments of pain intensity, WOMAC scores and PPT. After treatment, the improvement of VAS activity, WOMAC and PPT values was showed compared with pre-treatment in all groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). At 4 and 8\u00a0weeks after treatment, the VAS and WOMAC scores of the I\u2009+\u2009PG were significantly lower than those of the PG or IG, and the difference was statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The PPT values of PG and I\u2009+\u2009PG were significantly improved compared to IG at 2, 4, and 8\u00a0weeks after treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ultrasound guided I\u2009+\u2009PG of 5% glucose seem to be more effective to alleviate pain and improve knee joint function than single therapy in short term. Clinical rehabilitators could clinically try this combination of I\u2009+\u2009PG to improve clinical symptoms in patients with KOA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-04762-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]],"date-time":"2024-05-05T10:01:23Z","timestamp":1714903283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Demonstrating the effectiveness of intra-articular prolotherapy combined with peri-articular perineural injection in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yiling","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tieshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4762_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1903768","volume":"384","author":"L Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma L. 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