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However, evidence supporting conservative interventions, such as proprioceptive stimulation foot pads, remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effects of proprioceptive stimulation foot pads on gait parameters in children with in-toeing gait.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included 119 children aged 5\u201312 years who were diagnosed with in-toeing gait in Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2020 and April 2023. Based on clinical records, children who received proprioceptive stimulation foot pads were assigned to the treatment group, while those managed by observation alone comprised the control group. Gait parameters measured at baseline and follow-up were extracted for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the control group, the treatment group demonstrated a significant improvement in foot progression angle. In contrast, walking speed, step length, stride length, arch index, and plantar pressure showed changes in both groups, with no consistent between-group differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proprioceptive stimulation foot pads are associated with improved foot progression angle in children with in-toeing gait, while effects on other gait parameters appear limited. These findings provide preliminary support for the use of this conservative intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-025-06644-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T16:44:11Z","timestamp":1769964251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of proprioceptive stimulation foot pads on in-toeing gait in children: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yulong","family":"Ben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danfeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"6644_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13761","volume":"53","author":"AM Evans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Evans AM. 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We have reviewed the policy on multiple, redundant, or concurrent publication. The article is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The article\u2019s publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out. If accepted, the article will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright holder.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"168"}}