{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:58:41Z","timestamp":1778342321738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthop Surg Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-026-06751-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T15:53:03Z","timestamp":1771775583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Surgical site infection after femoral fracture surgery: 5-year trends in mechanisms of injury, pathogens, and antimicrobial resistance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Davood","family":"Soroosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azhar","family":"Salari-Jazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sadegh","family":"Damavandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-025-00856-9","volume":"26","author":"F M\u00fcller","year":"2025","unstructured":"M\u00fcller F, Zellner M, B\u00e4uml C, Proske A, F\u00fcchtmeier B, Wulbrand C. Risk factors for surgical site infection following treatment of proximal femoral fracture: a matched-pair analysis. J Orthop Traumatol. 2025;26(1):35.","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6751_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101314","volume":"58","author":"N Maffulli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maffulli N, Aicale R. Proximal femoral fractures in the elderly: a few things to know, and some to forget. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(10):1314.","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)."},{"issue":"1","key":"6751_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-024-01370-7","volume":"14","author":"L Savio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Savio L, Simeone P, Baron S, Antonini F, Bruder N, Boussen S, et al. Surgical site infection in severe trauma patients in intensive care: epidemiology and risk factors. Ann Intensive Care. 2024;14(1):136.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6751_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.03.004","volume":"96","author":"JM Badia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, Hudson PM, Mitchell SA, Crosby C. Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. J Hosp Infect. 2017;96(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"6751_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5456616","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5456616","volume":"2022","author":"K Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang K, Tian Y, Zhao Y, Tian M, Li X, Zhu Y. Incidence and risk factors for surgical site infection after femoral neck fracture surgery: an observational cohort study of 2218 patients. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:5456616.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"7s","key":"6751_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2023.04.009","volume":"38","author":"A Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao A, Ghanem ES, Cichos KH, Lichstein P, Chen AF. Comparison between orthopaedic trauma versus arthroplasty fellowship training on outcomes of total hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture. J Arthroplasty. 2023;38(7s):S72\u20137.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"4","key":"6751_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040743","volume":"9","author":"BG Cabral","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabral BG, Brasiliense DM, Furlaneto IP, Rodrigues YC, Lima KVB. Surgical site infection following Caesarean section by Acinetobacter species: a report from a hyperendemic setting in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Microorganisms. 2021;9(4):743.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"6751_CR8","first-page":"e76874","volume":"17","author":"A Das","year":"2025","unstructured":"Das A, Tripathy SK, Mohapatra I, Poddar N, Pattnaik D, et al. Microbiological profile and outcome of surgical site infections following orthopedic surgeries in a tertiary care hospital. Cureus. 2025;17(1):e76874.","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"issue":"267","key":"6751_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.8353","volume":"61","author":"A Palikhey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palikhey A, Chaudhary SC, Mishra S, Shrestha J, Gyawali P. Multidrug resistance among patients with surgical site infection in a tertiary care centre. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2023;61(267):882\u20135.","journal-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"key":"6751_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565965","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1565965","volume":"16","author":"A Yehya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yehya A, Ezzeddine Z, Chakkour M, Dhaini Z, Bou Saba MS, Bou Saba AS, et al. The intricacies of Acinetobacter baumannii: a multifaceted comprehensive review of a multidrug-resistant pathogen and its clinical significance and implications. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1565965.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6751_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-025-00864-0","volume":"27","author":"T Matsuo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Matsuo T, Thompson AL, Yuan BJ, Suh GA. The latest approaches to fracture-related infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2025;27(1):15.","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6751_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-8-39","volume":"8","author":"B Tsang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsang B, McKee J, Engels PT, Paton-Gay D, Widder SL. Compliance to advanced trauma life support protocols in adult trauma patients in the acute setting. World J Emerg Surg. 2013;8(1):39.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"6751_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"6751_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.08.040","volume":"49","author":"WJ Metsemakers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Metsemakers WJ, Morgenstern M, McNally MA, Moriarty TF, McFadyen I, Scarborough M, et al. Fracture-related infection: a consensus on definition from an international expert group. Injury. 2018;49(3):505\u201310.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"6751_CR15","unstructured":"Hendrix JM, Garmon EH. American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Emily Garmon declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2025, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2025."},{"key":"6751_CR16","unstructured":"Clinical, Laboratory Standards I. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"6751_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"6751_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4076-7","volume":"43","author":"FF Tuon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tuon FF, Cieslinski J, Ono AFM, Goto FL, Machinski JM, Mantovani LK, et al. Microbiological profile and susceptibility pattern of surgical site infections related to orthopaedic trauma. Int Orthop. 2019;43(6):1309\u201313.","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"11","key":"6751_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14111095","volume":"14","author":"J Lourtet-Hasco\u00ebt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lourtet-Hasco\u00ebt J, Bonnet E, Spera AM, Ascione T, Chan M, Esposito S, et al. Fracture-related infections: current status and perspectives from the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antibiotics. 2025;14(11):1095.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"8","key":"6751_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12080975","volume":"12","author":"T Kasperski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasperski T, Romaniszyn D, Jachowicz-Matczak E, Pomorska-Weso\u0142owska M, W\u00f3jkowska-Mach J, Chmielarczyk A. Extensive drug resistance of strong biofilm-producing Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from infections and colonization hospitalized patients in Southern Poland. Pathogens. 2023;12(8):975.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"6751_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332051","volume":"14","author":"A Gedefie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gedefie A, Demsis W, Ashagrie M, Kassa Y, Tesfaye M, Tilahun M, et al. Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation and its role in disease pathogenesis: a review. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:3711\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"6751_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S195749","volume":"12","author":"V Mascaro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mascaro V, Capano MS, Iona T, Nobile CGA, Ammendolia A, Pavia M. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage and pattern of antibiotic resistance, including methicillin resistance, among contact sport athletes in Italy. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:1161\u201370.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"6751_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlaf022","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaf022","volume":"7","author":"A Gardner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gardner A, Nieberg P, Sakoulas G, Wong-Beringer A. Carbapenem de-escalation as an antimicrobial stewardship strategy: a narrative review. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2025;7(2):dlaf022.","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob Resist."},{"issue":"12","key":"6751_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13121136","volume":"13","author":"M Lagadinou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lagadinou M, Amerali M, Michailides C, Chondroleou A, Skintzi K, Spiliopoulou A, et al. Antibiotic resistance trends in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pathogens and eight-year surveillance of XDR bloodstream infections in a Western Greece Tertiary Hospital. Pathogens. 2024;13(12):1136.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"9","key":"6751_CR25","first-page":"827","volume":"26","author":"ZQ Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng ZQ, Liu YY, Luo WW, Zhang HW, Wang YY, Wang H, et al. Investigation and factor analysis of postoperative surgical site infections in emergency abdominal surgery in China from 2018 to 2021 based on Chinese SSI Surveillance. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2023;26(9):827\u201336.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"6751_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08677-z","volume":"23","author":"BM Aiesh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aiesh BM, Qashou R, Shemmessian G, Swaileh MW, Abutaha SA, Sabateen A, et al. Nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive care unit: an observational retrospective study from a large tertiary hospital in Palestine. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):686.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"6751_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.2340\/17453674.2022.4580","volume":"93","author":"NK Kristensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kristensen NK, Lange J, Fr\u00f8slev T, Pedersen AB. Risk of reoperation due to surgical site infection in 74,771 hip fracture patients: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Acta Orthop. 2022;93:760\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"6751_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1157","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005182","volume":"277","author":"P Tresson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tresson P, Quiquandon S, Rivoire E, Boibieux A, Vanhems P, Bordet M, et al. American Society of Anesthesiologists-Physical Status Classification as an independent risk factor of surgical site infection after infra-inguinal arterial bypass. Ann Surg. 2023;277(5):e1157\u201363.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13018-026-06751-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-026-06751-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13018-026-06751-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:32:53Z","timestamp":1774618373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13018-026-06751-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-026-06751-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-799X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-799X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: IR.MUMS.IRH.REC.1404.190). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"224"}}